Human has been evolving in a natural environment over a long time; thus, he is habitual to adapt it. Green spaces are obligatory landscapes in an urban structure that provide a natural environment and accelerate other life events. In contrast, unplanned urbanization, and conversion from green to grey structures have damaged natural environmental resources. Studies through different angles have highlighted the importance of urban green spaces for human well-being but now need to identify their role according to the potential. The demands of urban green spaces may differ with the change of population size, types of grey structure, urban expansion, the altitude of the place, and geographical location. Therefore, this systematic review aims to analyse the significance of urban green spaces for human well-being. The study opted for a systematic process during the selection and organization of studies for this review. After analysing, 46 studies were finalized with the consensus of three review authors. Accordingly, literature was analysed under the central theme of “Urban Green Spaces for Human Well-being.” Human Well-being was assessed under six sub-themes; physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective, and environmental well-being. The review concluded that urban green spaces are the primary pillar for a sustainable urban place and human well-being due to highly positive and positive correlations. Moreover, the study did not find any demarcation line between green spaces and grey structures according to any specific need. Therefore, the study suggested that the role of urban green spaces for human well-being should be analysed according to their potential and required optimal ratio under different communities’ urban specific environments and social behaviour.

Urban sprawl literature review: Definition and driving force

Ascospore and spore appendage ultrastructure in Pleospora gaudefroyi is described. Ascospore walls comprise a three-layered mesosporium within which electron-dense bodies (melanin?) are deposited in two layers (W2, W3), a tripartite episporium (W4), and an outer mucilaginous sheath (exosporium?). The electron-dense inclusions in the mesosporium are compared with those in the conidia of Alternaria brassicicola and ascospores of Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides. In the unitunicate marine Ascomycetes, ascospores with a sheath are uncommon, whereas in the Loculoascomycetes many species have such ascospores. The sheath in P. gaudefroyi is compared with those of Paraliomyces lentiferus, Massarina thalassiae, and Massarina armatispora (all Loculoascomycetes). Key words: appendage ontogeny, marine Ascomycotina, taxonomy, ultrastructure.

Palm oil’s utilization as a renewable energy (RE) source has led the government to intervene by introducing emission reduction projects. Carbon trading projects are part of the strategic direction adopted within the climate mitigation plan and sustainability drive in the palm oil industry. The perquisites and opportunities encountered within emissions trading are expected to aid palm oil producers economically, environmentally, and socially. This study addresses and analyses how the carbon trading projects’ targets in Malaysia can be achieved, the problematic, and pressing issues around their implementation and whether these projects are sustainable and create a positive impact. This paper is based on literature reviews and semi-structured interviews with expert palm oil producers in Malaysia. The findings have revealed that carbon trading implementation in Malaysia has delivered new insights towards the international climate policy approach on the feasibility and impact of long-term sustainability goals. However, the impact of the implementation needs support from the government for further development. In conclusion, the major contribution of this study is that the carbon trading implementation in Malaysia complies with the objectives and principles of sustainable development and creates a significant influx in investment for Malaysia’s economic growth.

Small-scale business owners are among those who were very affected when the COVID-19 pandemic hit the country. This group supports their families solely through daily sales profits. However, when the country began implementing the Movement Control Order (MCO) from March 2020 to May 2020, it was difficult for this group to survive. Some of them were unable to do business at all, while the majority experienced a significant decline in sales. This study aims to measure the ability of small-scale business owners to survive before and after the COVID-19 period. GIS software (ArcMap 10.4.1) was used to map the ability of small-scale business owners to survive before and after the pandemic. Data were obtained through face-to-face questionnaires conducted throughout the state of Kedah. Findings indicated that several districts have successfully managed the pandemic for economic survival. This was achieved through a well-collaborated effort by the government and NGOs to strengthen certain aspects of these small-scale business and revive their growth. Future work should focus on studying the actions taken by successful business owners in coping with the pandemic environment.

Urbanisation-environment interactions are increasingly non-linear, yet traditional Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) frameworks often rely on static, linear assumptions that fail to capture complex feedback loops. This study proposes an integrated framework combining CRITIC-weighted CCD assessment with interpretable machine learning (Random Forest and XGBoost) to decode the co-evolution of urbanisation and ecological integrity. Taking Malaysia, a country characterised by rapid expansion and high spatial disparity-as a critical case study, we utilized multi-source remote sensing and longitudinal statistics across 16 states. Our XGBoost model (Test R² ≈ 0.87) outperformed traditional regressions, confirming significant non-linear and dynamic coupling effects. By applying SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), we moved beyond mere prediction to identify the sustainability "tipping points" within the system. Key findings reveal: (1) a distinct spatial decoupling in northern and east-coast regions; (2) a "hump-shaped" threshold effect for built-up expansion where coordination peaks before declining; and (3) the critical role of forest/water assets as non-linear ecological buffers. These results demonstrate that sustainable transitions depend more on spatial structure and asset management than on income growth alone. This interpretable AI-CCD framework provides a scalable, evidence-based toolkit for low- and middle-income countries to navigate the trade-offs between development and ecological preservation.