(1) Background: The “Ger Recommendations” have been advised to promote a healthy diet in Mongolia. These recommendations emphasize the ratio of six macro-food components to ensure proper nutrition. In this study, the ratio of these six groups to the total daily caloric intake was determined. (2) Methods: This study was conducted as part of a study at the Clinical Cohort (“Mon-Timeline”) of the Mongolian National University of Medical Science. A macro-community ratio was calculated using a 24-h dietary recall diary of a total of 498 people. (3) Results: The mean age of the study participants was 43.9 ± 12.9 years. Among them, 21.8% (n = 110) were male. Of the total calories, 44.7% were grains, 29.2% were meat and protein products, 9.3% were fats, 7.1% were dairy products, 6.6% were vegetables, and 3.1% were fruits. According to the ratio of the six groups in the Ger Recommendations, meat and grains exceeded the recommended amount, while fruits, milk, and vegetables were consumed less. It has been observed that the older a person ages, the closer they are to following these recommendations. In terms of gender, women consumed more fruit and milk than men. (4) Conclusions: The ratio of macronutrients in the daily caloric intake of Mongolians is inadequate. Therefore, knowledge about the “Ger Recommendations” needs to be studied in relation to people’s healthy eating knowledge and attitudes. If necessary, the appropriate awareness needs to be increased to educate the public on proper eating habits.

We conducted an epidemiologic study based on survey neuroscience screening for restless leg syndrome in the Mongolian to determine the prevalence of restless leg syndrome. We used baseline data from the Mon-TimeLine study, a multidisciplinary, prospective, population-based cohort study. The total number of participants (n = 1572) ranged from 18 to 65 years of age. We found the prevalence of restless leg syndrome to be 6.6% (n = 103), among which 4.1% (n = 16) were males and 7.3% (n = 87) were females. The peak prevalence age for both genders was 45–55, and we found a positive correlation with body mass index (P < 0.05). Most cases were mild (44.7%) or moderate (35.9%), but 18.4% and 1% of the cases were severe or very severe, respectively. The severe groups showed a positive association with chronic kidney disease, as well as with gastritis. In conclusion, the prevalence of restless leg syndrome in Mongolia approximates that in other countries.

Background: The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) levels and the TyG index and to assess whether even modest elevations in BP were associated with higher TyG index values. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 120,264 participants who underwent nationwide health screening in Mongolia between 2023 and 2024. BP was categorized into five stages. The TyG index was calculated based on fasting triglyceride and glucose levels. Results: The mean TyG index increased progressively with advancing hypertension stages (p for trend <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that even elevated BP was independently associated with a higher TyG index (adjusted OR 1.108, 95% CI 1.039–1.183; p = 0.002), with the association strengthening across hypertension stage 1 (adjusted OR 1.238, 95% CI 1.200–1.277), stage 2 (adjusted OR 1.516, 95% CI 1.463–1.572), and hypertensive crisis (adjusted OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.350–1.836) (all p < 0.001). Central obesity further amplified the association between hypertension stage and TyG index levels. Among participants without central obesity, the TyG index increased from 8.086 (95% CI: 8.079–8.093) in the normal BP group to 8.449 (8.362–8.536) in the hypertensive crisis group. Similarly, among those with central obesity, the TyG index rose from 8.345 (8.336–8.354) in the normal group to 8.732 (8.685–8.778) in the hypertensive crisis group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the TyG index rises consistently with increasing BP stages, even at early elevations, suggesting that insulin resistance may begin at modest blood pressure increases.

People with diabetes have a higher risk of cognitive impairment than people without diabetes, and recently it is being considered a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Because of drastic lifestyle changes in the Mongolian population, diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly. The rapid increase of diabetes prevalence and its poor control in Mongolia suggest that there might be significant cognitive impairment in the diabetes population. In this case-control study, we compared the Mini-Mental State Examination score to the risk of cognitive impairment, indicating vascular dementia in people with and without diabetes. Upon obtaining their informed consent, each subject was tested with Mini-Mental State Examination. We involved age and gender-matched diabetic (n = 131) and non-diabetic (n = 131) subjects. The mean age was 61.3 ± 8.5 and 61.0 ± 8.7 in people with and without diabetes, respectively, and 35.9% of the participants were male. According to study groups, the Mini-Mental State Examination scores were significantly different: 26.1 ± 3.7 and 27.5 ± 2.6 for people with and without diabetes, respectively. In logistic regression analysis, age was significantly associated with Mini-Mental State Examination score (Beta coefficient = 1.22; 1.11–1.35, P < 0.001) in people without diabetes after adjustments for potential confounders. However, age was not significantly associated with MMSE scores in people with diabetes mellitus. Thus, diabetes duration and poor control may contribute to developing cognitive impairment in people with diabetes. In conclusion, there might be a high prevalence of vascular dementia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, since Mini-Mental State Examination is sensitive to dementia and not specific to vascular dementia, further studies involving neuroimaging and neurological examination are needed to fully elucidate the link between type 2 diabetes and vascular dementia in dementia in a Mongolian population.

According to the World Health Organization report in 2020, the number of stroke deaths in Mongolia has reached 4,401, accounting for 19.84% of the total deaths, ranking as the second leading cause of death in Mongolia. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes has been steadily increasing for the last 20 years. In this case-control study (80 diabetic and 160 non-diabetic subjects), we analyzed data from two tertiary stroke centers over the past six months (June-December 2022). Inclusion criteria included patients over 18 years who presented to the emergency department with an acute ischemic stroke (I63 according to ICD 10). We reviewed and compared the data on clinical assessments such as the National Institutes of Health The Stroke Scale (NIHTSS), Glasgow Coma Scale and Modified Rankin Score, laboratory parameters, and TOAST classification of ischemic stroke between diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Mongolia. The mean age was 39.2±15.2, and 33.2% (n = 392) were male. The duration of diabetes in patients ranged from 0 to 23 years, and the median was 5.0. Mean glycated haemoglobin in subjects was 9.75±2.49%, and only 27.5% (n = 22) had HbA1c below 7.5%. Only BMI was significantly different in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes (27.2±4.4 vs. 28.6±5.2). However, for other parameters, no significant difference was observed, but the NIHTSS at discharge was significantly higher in patients with diabetes. According to the TOAST classification, the risk of ischemic stroke caused by microangiopathy (18% vs 33.8%, p=0.142) and macroangiopathy (44.4% vs 57.5%, p=0.192) was 13-15% higher in people with diabetes than in people without diabetes. In regression analysis, patients with diabetes had a six times greater risk of ischemic stroke caused by atherosclerosis than non-diabetic patients. Most subtypes of stroke that occur in people with diabetes are caused by atherosclerosis, both large and small vessels.

(1) Background: There is no specific treatment for concussion in modern medicine, and existing treatment is only limited to resting and restoring cognition. For centuries, Mongolians have used traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM) methods to treat a variety of diseases such as Baria zasal. In this study, we aimed to explore the treatment parents and guardians seek when their children have suffered a concussion. (2) Methods: In this study, we used an online questionnaire. The study participants (n = 400) were randomly selected parents and guardians. The definition of bariachi is an advanced practitioner of baria zasal, which covers most of the massage therapy techniques mentioned in this study. (3) Results: In total, 72% of the parents and guardians went to a bariachi when their children suffered a concussion, while only 10.3% chose western medical hospitals. When asked what they did after the initial treatment was not effective, 47.8% of the participants responded that they went to the bariachi. Based on the days of treatment result, 11.8% reported on the beneficial effects of the treatment appearing in one day, and 60.3% in 1–3 days, which shows that the participants suffered a healing effect of the baria zasal shortly after application to their children. In the regression analysis, visiting a Bariachi was independent of age, gender, or even religion. (4) Conclusions: Although Western medicine is highly developed in Mongolia, the baria zasal of TMM has not lost its appeal in treating concussion. This suggests that baria zasal could be a unique method of concussion treatment even today. This also suggests that the techniques of Baria zasal should be further studied, and as in modern medicine.