(1) Background: This study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) categories and comorbidities in the context of a developing country, utilizing data from a nationwide health screening in Mongolia. (2) Methods: The study included 181,080 individuals (mean age 47.0 ± 15.3, 42.0% male) from the population-based general health screening. We counted the number of diseases from participants’ medical records based on ICD-10 codes, excluding those categorized under Z00-Z99 and codes indicating acute disorders, as well as individuals classified as underweight. (3) Results: Among study participants, the prevalence of two or more comorbidities was 4.2%. The weight distribution comprised 40.4% normal weight; 37.1% overweight; and 16.9%, 4.4%, and 1.2% in the Class I, II, and III obesity categories, respectively. Comorbidities increased with BMI: normal weight (0.222); overweight (0.255); and Class I (0.290), Class II (0.302), and Class III obesity (0.303), suggesting a dose-dependent likelihood of having multiple diseases. Adjusted linear regression (beta coefficients, 95% CIs) showed increased comorbidity risks in overweight (0.017, 0.013–0.021) and obesity (0.034, 0.030–0.039). Interaction analysis with age revealed a significant effect (p < 0.001). While comorbidities tend to increase with higher BMI categories in all age-tertile groups, this association was notably stronger among younger individuals. (4) Conclusions: Obesity is associated with a twofold increase in the prevalence of multiple comorbidities compared to normal weight. Our findings also highlight the critical role of age in the development of multiple diseases, with BMI remaining a significant factor across various age groups, encompassing both younger and older adults.

(1) Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death globally. Recent studies have highlighted the role of pre-diabetes, particularly impaired fasting glucose (IFG), in elevating CVD risk even before the onset of diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk across specific glycemic categories, including normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), newly diagnosed diabetes, and long-standing diabetes, in a large Mongolian population sample. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from a nationwide health screening program in Mongolia between 2022 and 2023, involving 120,266 adults after applying inclusion criteria. The participants were categorized based on fasting plasma glucose levels (NGT): normoglycemia, IFG, newly diagnosed diabetes, and long-standing diabetes. CVD risk was assessed using WHO risk prediction charts, considering factors like age, blood pressure, smoking status, and diabetes status. (3) Results: CVD risk varied significantly with glycemic status. Among those with NGT, 62.9% were at low risk, while 31.2% were at moderate risk. In contrast, the IFG participants had 49.5% at low risk and 39.9% at moderate risk. Newly diagnosed diabetes showed 38.1% at low risk and 43.3% at moderate risk, while long-standing diabetes had 33.7% at low risk and 45.9% at moderate risk. Regression analysis indicated that glycemic status was independently associated with moderate to high CVD risk (OR in IFG: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.09–1.18), even after adjusting for age, gender, and central obesity. (4) Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need for early cardiovascular risk assessment and intervention, even in pre-diabetic stages like IFG.

Background: The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) levels and the TyG index and to assess whether even modest elevations in BP were associated with higher TyG index values. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 120,264 participants who underwent nationwide health screening in Mongolia between 2023 and 2024. BP was categorized into five stages. The TyG index was calculated based on fasting triglyceride and glucose levels. Results: The mean TyG index increased progressively with advancing hypertension stages (p for trend <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that even elevated BP was independently associated with a higher TyG index (adjusted OR 1.108, 95% CI 1.039–1.183; p = 0.002), with the association strengthening across hypertension stage 1 (adjusted OR 1.238, 95% CI 1.200–1.277), stage 2 (adjusted OR 1.516, 95% CI 1.463–1.572), and hypertensive crisis (adjusted OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.350–1.836) (all p < 0.001). Central obesity further amplified the association between hypertension stage and TyG index levels. Among participants without central obesity, the TyG index increased from 8.086 (95% CI: 8.079–8.093) in the normal BP group to 8.449 (8.362–8.536) in the hypertensive crisis group. Similarly, among those with central obesity, the TyG index rose from 8.345 (8.336–8.354) in the normal group to 8.732 (8.685–8.778) in the hypertensive crisis group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the TyG index rises consistently with increasing BP stages, even at early elevations, suggesting that insulin resistance may begin at modest blood pressure increases.

Background: This study aims to assess the demographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics associated with varying levels of triglycerides (TGs) in a large population sample. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from a nationwide health screening program in Mongolia. A total of 125,330 participants (mean age: 43.8 ± 15.3 years) were included. TG levels were categorized into normal, borderline high, high, and very high. Due to the small number of participants in the very high TG group, they were combined with the high TG category for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of elevated TG levels. Results: The majority of participants (80.3%) had normal TG levels, while 10.3% had borderline high, 8.7% had high, and 0.7% had very high TG levels. Significant predictors of elevated TG levels included age (OR 1.013, 95% CI 1.012–1.014), male (OR 2.328, 95% CI 2.251–2.408), obesity (OR 1.920, 95% CI 1.855–1.987), central obesity (OR 1.866, 95% CI 1.801–1.933), smoking (OR 1.399, 95% CI 1.347–1.453), alcohol use (OR 1.233, 95% CI 1.176–1.292), and non-regular exercise (OR 1.144, 95% CI 1.118–1.171). Sex-specific analysis revealed that elevated TG levels were more prevalent among males, regardless of other risk factors such as obesity and smoking. Conclusions: Male sex, obesity, and smoking were the strongest predictors of elevated TG levels.

Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses an increasing burden in Mongolia, yet its impact on reproductive outcomes remains underexplored. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic women and assess whether diabetes duration influences adverse reproductive events. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 223 diabetic and 495 non-diabetic women attending outpatient clinics in Ulaanbaatar between October and December 2024. Data on reproductive history were collected using structured questionnaires. Pregnancy outcomes included miscarriage, stillbirth, abortion, and live birth. Logistic regression models were applied to assess associations, adjusting for age, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol use, age at menarche, and reproductive history. Results: Mean age was 51.7 and 50.4 years for diabetic and non-diabetic women, respectively (p = 0.222). Diabetic women had more pregnancies (median: 4.00 vs. 3.00, p < 0.001) and a higher likelihood of abortion (35.4% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.004) and miscarriage (27.8% vs. 11.1%, p < 0.001). Stillbirths were more frequent in diabetic (4.0% vs. 2.2%) but not statistically significant. Pregnancy problems (miscarriage and/or stillbirth) were more prevalent in diabetic women (29.6% vs. 12.7%, p < 0.001). In adjusted models, diabetes was associated with higher odds of pregnancy problems (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02–2.63, p = 0.042), miscarriage (aOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.21–3.40, p = 0.007), and abortion (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.14–2.19, p = 0.006). A dose response pattern was observed: miscarriage risk was higher in women with diabetes ≥10 years (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.55–4.62, p < 0.001) than <10 years (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.08–2.96, p = 0.023). Conclusions: Diabetes is independently associated with increased risks of miscarriage and abortion in Mongolian women, with longer disease duration further elevating this risk.

This paper examines the 14-year journey of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) in achieving and sustaining international accreditation for its undergraduate medical program. Beginning in 2010, MNUMS undertook a series of institutional reforms that culminated in full accreditation in 2016 and re-accreditation in 2024 by an international agency recognized by the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA). Drawing on institutional self-assessment reports, evaluator feedback, and stakeholder consultations, this case study explores how the accreditation process functioned as a catalyst for educational reform and quality enhancement. The findings reveal major transformations in curriculum design, assessment systems, and institutional governance. MNUMS adopted the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), introduced outcome-based education and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs), expanded its Clinical Skills Center, and implemented a compulsory undergraduate research project. Additionally, the creation of an integrated Bachelor–Master pathway and strengthened international partnerships further advanced the university’s alignment with global medical education standards. This case illustrates how international accreditation can drive systemic improvement in medical education within developing-country contexts. The MNUMS experience highlights the value of sustained institutional commitment, responsiveness to external evaluation, and the strategic use of accreditation as a framework for continuous innovation and global integration.