Saudi Arabia stands as a rapidly growing economic power. It has emerged as a leading country in adopting and integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. The aim of the organisation is to be globally preeminent unified energy and chemicals company, functioning in a safe, sustainable and reliable manner. Corporate entity openness and moral behaviour is the focus of Aramco's CSR guidelines. Aramco's CSR principles include achieving long-term progress and adhering to local and international laws. The CSR strategy is imbibed into the company's business strategy, which is founded on four focus areas of sustainable development: Climate change and the energy transition, safe operations and people development, minimizing environmental impact and growing societal value. Each of these focus areas support Aramco’s strategic themes, and align with both Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the U.N. Sustainable to create a vibrant civilization, flourishing economy and building a determined nation. Method: This study examines Saudi Aramco's on the CSR front, the industry's largest oil exporter. Efforts have been made through the use of secondary data to capture the drivers and modus operandum used by the organization for its commitment towards sustainability. Results: The industry’s largest oil exporter has adopted several practices in their efforts to become socially responsible and sustainable. Evidence (Aramco sustainability report 2022) has revealed that shift in perspective has taken place over the past year, increasing acceptance of the fact that there needs to be a better balance between maintaining energy security, energy affordability, and environmental sustainability. CSR practices have a positive impact on company performance, reputation, customer satisfaction, loyalty, employee engagement and minimizing any negative environmental and social impacts, to build something that will last a company that will still be standing strong, generations from now.   Conclusion: The journey towards effective CSR implementation is dynamic, marked by achievements and challenges. Aramco's commitment to CSR, underscored by its alignment with Saudi Arabia's ambitious vision, paints a compelling picture of sustainable growth and impact for the organization and the broader nation. As the landscape of corporate responsibility continues to evolve, organizations that adeptly navigate these waters are poised to contribute meaningfully to both their own success and the betterment of society at large.

The increasing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) as green alternatives to traditional internal combustion engine cars has highlighted the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly supply chain models. In particular, the handling of EV batteries, which are environmentally unfriendly and logistically critical due to their hazardous nature and short life cycle, requires a well-designed closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). This study proposes a new multi-objective optimization model of the CLSC, explicitly tailored to EV batteries under demand and return rate uncertainty. The proposed model incorporates three primary objectives that are typically in conflict with one another: minimizing the total cost, reducing carbon emissions throughout the entire supply chain network, and maximizing the recycling and reuse of batteries. The model employs a neutrosophic goal programming (NGP) methodology to address the uncertainties associated with demand and battery return quantities. The NGP model translates multiple objectives into non-monolithic goals with crisp aspiration levels (i.e., prescribed ideal levels for achieving the best of each goal) and thresholds that capture tolerances, thereby accounting for uncertainty. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example, solved using a IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio 22.1.2 solver. The findings demonstrate that the NGP can offer cost-effective, low-impact, and environmentally friendly solutions, thereby enhancing system robustness and flexibility to adapt to uncertainties. This study contributes to the emerging literature on sustainable operations research by developing a decision-making tool for EV-HV battery supply chain management. It also offers relevant suggestions for policymakers and industrialists who seek to co-optimize economic benefits, ecological sustainability, and logical feasibility in the emerging green society.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine whether Saudi employment law and public sector labour regulations provide a sufficient legal basis for mandating sustainability-driven workforce behaviours in public universities under Vision 2030. Design/methodology/approach: The study applies doctrinal legal analysis (Hutchinson and Duncan, 2012) with regulatory gap analysis and institutional theory to the Saudi Labour Law (Royal Decree M/51, as amended 2024–2025), the Civil Service Law, the Civil Transactions Law, Nitaqat and Vision 2030 instruments, structured around employer duty specification, employee obligation enforceability and metric integration. Every statutory citation is documented in Table 1. Findings: Saudi employment law imposes general safety and conduct duties but no explicit environmental or green competency obligation. The amended Articles 42, 43 and 52 create training policy and model contract leverage points, while Nitaqat remains exclusively nationalisation focused. Sharia uncertainty doctrine does not bar green clauses; it disciplines their drafting towards individual, conduct based formulations. Practical implications: The paper proposes bylaw and Nitaqat scoring reforms and three model contractual clauses, while weighing countervailing considerations of academic freedom, compliance cost and tokenistic compliance and drawing out lessons transferable to other Gulf, state directed and Sharia based systems. Originality/value: The contribution is conceptual rather than temporal. The 2024–2025 amendments to Articles 42, 43 and 52 convert green human resource management from a voluntary managerial choice into an emerging object of coercive isomorphism, and four Sharia compatible design conditions, definiteness, proportionality, mutuality and transparency, govern the enforceability of the resulting duties.