Green approach has received major attention for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. One such metal oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). IONPs have fetched a great deal of interest in recent era because of their magnetic nature, as they can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field. Although, a variety of chemical and physical methods of synthesis are known, green synthesis is safer, sustainable and biologically acceptable. Plants and microbes are the main biological materials used for the green synthesis. In present review, the synthesis of IONPs by using plants, bacteria, fungi and algae have been highlighted. IONPs produced by plants, fungi, bacteria and algae usually falls in 1–100 nm range and are of distinct shapes like cubic, tetragonal crystalline, spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, octahedral, orthorhombic, hexagonal rods, nanosphere and quasi spherical. Furthermore, these biomaterials play role of reducing, capping, stabilizing and fabricating agents in green synthesis of nanoparticles. The review put forward a comprehensive report of various routes used for synthesizing IONP, biologically. Intuition into the procedures for synthesis of nanoparticles will help to nourish our learning in the area of nanotechnology.

Abiotic stresses profoundly alter plant growth and development, resulting in yield losses. Plants have evolved adaptive mechanisms to combat these challenges, triggering intricate molecular responses to maintain tissue hydration and temperature stability during stress. A pivotal player in this defense is histone modification, governing gene expression in response to diverse environmental cues. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, including acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, regulate transcription, DNA processes, and stress-related traits. This review comprehensively explores the world of PTMs of histones in plants and their vital role in imparting various abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Techniques, like chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP), ChIP-qPCR, mass spectrometry, and Cleavage Under Targets and Tag mentation, have unveiled the dynamic histone modification landscape within plant cells. The significance of PTMs in enhancing the plants’ ability to cope with abiotic stresses has also been discussed. Recent advances in PTM research shed light on the molecular basis of stress tolerance in plants. Understanding the intricate proteome complexity due to various proteoforms/protein variants is a challenging task, but emerging single-cell resolution techniques may help to address such challenges. The review provides the future prospects aimed at harnessing the full potential of PTMs for improved plant responses under changing climate change.

Plant growth and productivity are greatly impacted by temperature stress, both high and low. These stresses impair biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes in the plant, eventually affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. Consequently, novel approaches are needed to overcome these problems and achieve sustainability. Nanotechnology is one such novel approach to improving crop production, by using nanoscale products. Nanoparticle size, nature, application mode, environmental conditions, rhizospheric and phyllospheric environments, and the species of plant make a significant impact on their action. With their easy soluble nature, smaller size, and excellent ability to penetrate plants, and their ability to cross cellular barriers, nanoparticles have become an increasingly popular agricultural tool. It has recently been observed that silver, silicon, titanium, and selenium nanoparticles can alter the physiological and biochemical response of plants in order to counteract high or low temperature stress. In this review, a description is provided of how nanoparticles are absorbed in different plant parts and how they are translocate along with the factors that influence their uptake and translocation. Also how plant response to nanoparticles in temperature stress and the various types of physiological, morphological, anatomical, biochemical and molecular modifications caused by nanoparticles. The review is going to provide researchers in agricultural sciences a glimpse into how to discover new nanoparticles to deal with heat stress.

Crop growth and yield are negatively impacted by increased biotic stress in the agricultural sector due to increasing global warming and changing climatic patterns. The host plant’s machinery is exploited by biotic stress, which is caused by organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, nematodes, and mites. This results in nutrient deprivation, increased reactive oxygen species and disturbances in physiological, morphological, and molecular processes. Although used widely, conventional disease management strategies like breeding, intercropping, and chemical fertilizers have drawbacks in terms of time commitment and environmental impact. An environmentally beneficial substitute is offered by the developing field of nanotechnology, where nanoparticles such as zinc oxide are gaining popularity due to their potential applications as antimicrobials and nano-fertilizers. This review delves into the biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles employing plants and microbes, function of ZnO nanoparticles in biotic stress mitigation, elucidating their effectiveness and toxicological implications in agricultural. This study supports a cautious approach, stressing the prudent application of ZnO nanoparticles to avoid possible toxicity, in line with the larger global agenda to end hunger, guarantee food security, and advance sustainable agriculture.

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) synthesized using green methods have tremendous potential in sustainable agriculture. The article explores the fundamentals of green synthesis, which uses biopolymers including chitosan, alginate, and cellulose to produce eco-friendly and biodegradable nanoparticles. Green synthesis approaches provide a possible alternative to traditional procedures, decreasing hazardous by-products and enhancing environmental compatibility. Studies demonstrate that PNPs an encapsulate agrochemicals, enabling controlled release systems that reduce fertilizer and pesticide usage by up to 40% while improving crop yield by 20–30% under specific conditions. Additionally, PNPs improve disease resistance by delivering bioactive compounds, such as plant growth regulators, directly to target sites. Research on the interaction of PNPs with plants reveals improved absoption efficiency (up to 50% higher) and translocation within plant tissues, positively influencing plant physiology and development. Preliminary case studies suggest that while green synthesis methods are cost-effective at small scales, reducing production costs by approximately 20% compared to conventional methods, challenges remain in scaling these processes for the industrial applications. Furthermore, reports suggest potential risks, such as a 10–15% reduction in soil microbial diversity at higher doses, which makes a careful analysis of toxicological effects necessary given their growing use. This review emphasises the necessity of conducting thorough environmental impact assessments and developing safety standards for their use. Innovative research addressing the scalability and cost issues will establish the green synthesis of PNPs as a fundamental component of sustainable agricultural methods.