Abiotic stresses profoundly alter plant growth and development, resulting in yield losses. Plants have evolved adaptive mechanisms to combat these challenges, triggering intricate molecular responses to maintain tissue hydration and temperature stability during stress. A pivotal player in this defense is histone modification, governing gene expression in response to diverse environmental cues. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, including acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, regulate transcription, DNA processes, and stress-related traits. This review comprehensively explores the world of PTMs of histones in plants and their vital role in imparting various abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Techniques, like chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP), ChIP-qPCR, mass spectrometry, and Cleavage Under Targets and Tag mentation, have unveiled the dynamic histone modification landscape within plant cells. The significance of PTMs in enhancing the plants’ ability to cope with abiotic stresses has also been discussed. Recent advances in PTM research shed light on the molecular basis of stress tolerance in plants. Understanding the intricate proteome complexity due to various proteoforms/protein variants is a challenging task, but emerging single-cell resolution techniques may help to address such challenges. The review provides the future prospects aimed at harnessing the full potential of PTMs for improved plant responses under changing climate change.

Plant growth and productivity are greatly impacted by temperature stress, both high and low. These stresses impair biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes in the plant, eventually affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. Consequently, novel approaches are needed to overcome these problems and achieve sustainability. Nanotechnology is one such novel approach to improving crop production, by using nanoscale products. Nanoparticle size, nature, application mode, environmental conditions, rhizospheric and phyllospheric environments, and the species of plant make a significant impact on their action. With their easy soluble nature, smaller size, and excellent ability to penetrate plants, and their ability to cross cellular barriers, nanoparticles have become an increasingly popular agricultural tool. It has recently been observed that silver, silicon, titanium, and selenium nanoparticles can alter the physiological and biochemical response of plants in order to counteract high or low temperature stress. In this review, a description is provided of how nanoparticles are absorbed in different plant parts and how they are translocate along with the factors that influence their uptake and translocation. Also how plant response to nanoparticles in temperature stress and the various types of physiological, morphological, anatomical, biochemical and molecular modifications caused by nanoparticles. The review is going to provide researchers in agricultural sciences a glimpse into how to discover new nanoparticles to deal with heat stress.

Multimetallic nanoparticles (MMNPs) produced by fungus-mediated synthesis have attracted a lot of interest as an environmentally friendly and sustainable nanotechnology method. Fungi are effective bio-factories that create complex nanoparticles with special qualities by using their metabolic and enzymatic capabilities. When compared to their monometallic counterparts, MMNPs—which are composed of combinations of two or more metals—offer synergistic benefits such increased catalytic activity, higher stability, and superior biocompatibility. In addition to highlighting the structural diversity of MMNPs, such as core-shell, alloy, and Janus configurations, this review investigates the mechanisms underpinning fungal-mediated synthesis, including enzymatic reduction and stabilisation pathways. Additionally covered are characterisation methods for examining functionality, morphology, and composition. The potential applications of MMNPs synthesized by fungi in biomedicine, environmental remediation, biosensing, and catalysis are highlighted in the article. This green synthesis method, which makes use of the natural benefits of fungus and multimetallic systems, responds to the increasing need for sustainable nanomaterials and opens the door to novel uses in both the scientific and industrial fields.

In the global food sector, extending shelf life and ensuring food safety continue to be major concerns that call for innovative approaches that go beyond traditional preservation methods. RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR have become cutting-edge biotechnological techniques with enormous potential for food preservation. CRISPR-mediated gene editing allows for precise modifications in food crops, livestock, and microbial systems to delay ripening, increase resistance to oxidative stress, and suppress enzymes responsible for rancidity. We have tried addressed this by introducing a comparative analysis of CRISPR and RNAi efficiency across climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, highlighted emerging targets (e.g., ethylene-independent ripening regulators and cell wall-modifying enzymes), and identified critical gaps in regulatory frameworks and delivery methods in less-explored crops like guava and papaya. This integration aims to present a more forward-looking perspective beyond existing literature. Similarly, to improve food stability and manage post-harvest degradation, RNAi-based techniques help to silence genes. By reducing mycotoxin contamination, improving disease resistance in livestock and aquaculture, and focussing on foodborne pathogens, these technologies provide revolutionary solutions for food safety that go beyond preservation. Despite its potential, the commercialisation and adoption of gene-edited food items are heavily influenced by legal frameworks, ethical issues, and public opinion. The mechanics and uses of CRISPR and RNA interference in food safety and preservation are examined in this review, along with ethical and legal issues and potential future developments for these technologies to ensure sustainable food security.