Direct seeding is a promising and low-cost restoration technique. To avoid wasting seeds, the selection of species with high field performance in their establishment can increase efficiency. We aimed to identify groups of forest species with the ability for direct seeding in a seasonal forest, investigate taxonomic similarity effects on species behavior regarding seeds’ and seedlings’ early functional traits, and classify species based on their probability of success by direct seeding. A planting system of 38 seasonal forest species was implemented at a density of 250,000 seeds ha⁻¹. The emergence was monitored over 720 days, and all individuals were identified, tagged, counted, and measured for height (H) and diameter at collar height (DCH). We evaluated early traits of seed vigor (field seed emergence), seedling performance, probability of success, and species autoecology. Species’ ability for direct seeding was more related to the level of species phylogeny than to their family. Pioneer and non-pioneer species demonstrated similar abilities for direct seeding associated with field emergence, seedling abundance, and persistence. Field seed emergence traits influenced species’ ability for direct seeding more than seedling survival or growth. Species’ ability for direct seeding was related to early seed vigor traits expressed by field seed emergence and was independent of their density.

Tendo em vista a crescente necessidade de novos modelos para restauraçãoflorestal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar se alta diversidade deespécies vegetais, funções e densidade em restauração florestal resultaramna recuperação da estabilidade do sistema, e quais as condições ouprocessos que afetaram o restabelecimento da funcionalidade ecológica nossistemas avaliados. Para isso, um protocolo de indicadores de restauraçãofoi aplicado em uma área de referência e em três áreas de restauração,em floresta estacional semidecidual, uma delas no modelo denso-diversofuncional(3 mudas por m2), com 53 meses de idade; e duas no modelo depreenchimento e diversidade (espaçamento 3 × 2 m), com 35 e 60 mesesde idade. Os resultados indicam que o modelo denso-diverso-funcionalé eficiente na restauração da funcionalidade ecológica já aos 53 meses edifere do sistema preenchimento e diversidade em relação às condiçõesnecessárias para promover a proteção do solo e o aporte de serapilheira.

This paper records the first report of Megastigmus transvaalensis Hussey (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) drupes in Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This wasp is an invasive species and was found damaging S. terebinthifolius drupes in urban areas (35.0±15.8%), natural forests (21.5±10.2%) and restoration areas (15.8±8.4%). The bio-ecology and damage caused by M. transvaalensis in the S. terebinthifoliusdrupes warrants further study focused upon the management of this phytophagous wasp. Megastigmus transvaalensis has a potential to be disseminated throughout Brazil and is posing a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius in the native forests and restoration areas and ecological regions of this country.

This work aimed to evaluate the impacts caused by extreme frost events in an ecological restoration area. We grouped the species in three ways: (1) type of trichome coverage; (2) shape of the seedling crown; and (3) functional groups according to the degree of damage caused by frost. The variables of the restored area and species characteristics were selected to be subjected to linear generalization analysis models (GLMs). A total of 104 individuals from seven species were sampled. The most affected species were Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (98% of leaves affected), followed by Cecropia pachystachia Trécul and Hymenea courbaril L. (both 97%), Inga vera Willd. (84%), and Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose with 75%. Tapirira guianensis Aubl. was considered an intermediate species, with 62% of the crown affected. Only Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal was classified as slightly affected, with only 1.5% of leaves affected. With the GLM analysis, it was verified that the interaction between the variables of leaf thickness (Χ² = 37.1, df = 1, p < 0.001), trichome coverage (Χ² = 650.5, df = 2, p < 0.001), and leaf structure culture (Χ² = 54.0, df = 2, p < 0.001) resulted in a model with high predictive power (AIC = 927,244, BIC = 940,735, Χ² = 6947, R² = 0.74, p < 0.001). Frost-affected crown cover was best explained by the interaction between the three functional attributes (74%). We found that there is a tendency for thicker leaves completely covered in trichomes to be less affected by the impact of frost and that the coverage of the affected crown was greatly influenced by the coverage of trichomes. Seedlings with leaves completely covered in trichomes, thicker leaves, and a funneled or more open crown structure are those that are most likely to resist frost events. The success of ecological restoration in areas susceptible to extreme events such as frost can be predicted based on the functional attributes of the chosen species. This can contribute to a better selection of species to be used to restore degraded areas.

1 RESUMO O entendimento das relações espaciais entre a vegetação florestal e água está intrinsecamente relacionado com as interações e as mudanças estruturais de uma microbacia hidrográfica. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo: caracterizar o uso e cobertura do solo da microbacia do Córrego Ipaneminha, assim como iniciar o programa de monitoramento hidrológico por meio da análise morfométrica e dinâmica de três nascentes, em Sorocaba-SP. Para confecção do mapa de uso e cobertura do solo e determinação das características morfométricas foram utilizadas cartas planialtimétricas do IBGE e fotografia aérea digital do terreno, manipuladas no SIG Idrisi Kilimanjaro. O monitoramento das nascentes foi realizado semanalmente ao longo de 16 meses, com medições de vazão e classificação quanto ao tipo, persistência e estado atual de conservação. Constatou-se que na microbacia há o predomínio das pastagens, as quais ocupam 69,89% de sua área total. Desta, 12,26% é considerado área de preservação permanente, ainda com sinais de degradação. A microbacia foi caracterizada como levemente alongada e menos susceptível a enchentes. Sua ramificação é de quarta ordem, possui baixa drenagem (1,86 km/km²) e declividade média de 8,22% (relevo moderadamente ondulado). Duas das três nascentes são de encosta, intermitentes e encontram-se degradadas. As informações apresentadas neste estudo servirão como subsidio ao planejamento da ocupação e uso da área assim como o entendimento de sua relação com a dinâmica hidrológica da microbacia do córrego Ipaneminha. Palavras-chave: Hidrologia Florestal; Morfometria; Nascentes PINHEIRO, R. C.; TONELLO, K. C.; VALENTE, R. O. A.; MINGOTI, R.; SANTOS, I. P. OCCUPATION AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF IPANEMINHA WATERSHED, SOROCABA-SP 2 ABSTRACT The understanding of spatial relationships between forest vegetation and water is intrinsically related to the interactions and the structural changes of a watershed. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the use and land cover of the watershed of the stream Ipaneminha, as well as launch the hydrological monitoring by means of morphological dynamics and three springs, Sorocaba-SP. To construct the map of land cover and soil and determination of morphometric features were used letters planialtimetric IBGE aerial photography and digital terrain, manipulated in the GIS Idrisi Kilimanjaro. The monitoring of the springs was carried out weekly over 16 months, with flow measurements and classification of the type, persistence and current state of conservation. It was found that the watershed there is a predominance of pastures, which occupy 69.89% of its total area. Thus, 12.26% is considered a permanent conservation area, still showing signs of degradation. The watershed was characterized as slightly elongated and less prone to flooding, fourth order, low drainage (1.86 km/km ²) and a relief of 8.22% (moderately undulating relief). Two of the three springs are slopes, intermittent and are degraded. The information presented in this study will serve as support to the planning of the occupation and use of the area as well as the understanding of its relationship with the hydrological dynamics of Ipaneminha watershed. Key-words: Forest Hydrology; Morphometric analysis; Springs

Vegetative propagation is an alternative for the production of seedlings of native tree species such as Schinus terebinthifolia that presents a high predation rate on its seeds. In order to develop vegetative propagation technology, different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) were tested in the rooting of apical and intermediate minicuttings of Schinus terebinthifolia. The 2x4 factorial experimental design involved two types of minicuttings (apical and intermediate) and four dosages of the hormone IBA (0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg. L-1). The percentages of survival and rooting were evaluated. The intermediate minicuttings (37% and 35%) showed significantly greater survival than the apical cuttings (22% and 9%) respectively at 30 and 60 days, regardless of the IBA concentration. Among the rooting averages at 60 days obtained in the different concentrations of IBA, the treatment of 4000 mg. L-1 generated the highest results (9% for apical and 35% for intermediate). The vegetative propagation by minicuttings of Schinus terebinthifolia demonstrated the viability of intermediate minicuttings with high rooting associated with the highest concentration of IBA.