In this paper, we explore how diverse community networks in Brazil have locally advanced seed production and institutional systems to enhance a restoration economy. By focusing on the experiences of the six major native seed suppliers in Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, we estimate the capacity to scale-up community-based systems to meet a large-scale restoration target as a rural development strategy. Over one decade, 1016 collectors traded 416.91 tonnes of native seeds representing, on average, 31.41 kilos yearly and USD 256.5 as household income. Based on this well documented empirical evidence, we estimate that Brazil’s restoration goal would require from 3.6 to 15.6 thousand tonnes of native seeds depending on the share of each restoration method adopted with potential work opportunities for 13.2 to 57.1 thousand collectors yearly and total income from USD 34 to 146 million. We argue that community networks represent feasible arrangements for increasing the availability of plant material sources which provide high socio-economic benefits. For scaling up native seed sources, we suggest the following key strategies: (i) government incentives and subsidies; (ii) enforcement of ecosystem restoration; (iii) community participation; (iv) adaptation of the seed regulations; (v) technological development; and (vi) seed market diversification.

SUMMARY: Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households’ ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi reunir informações sobre espécies madeireiras de terra firme nas proximidades de Manaus e tentar identificar as suas possíveis posições no contexto da sucessão florestal. Uma classificação facilitará modelar a dinâmica da floresta para apoiar a conservação, o manejo florestal e a reabilitação de áreas degradadas. O grupo estudado foi formado por 60 espécies botânicas pertencentes a 42 gêneros e 18 famílias. Em uma visão geral observaram-se sementes grandes >0,5cm3 (69% das espécies estudadas), predominância da dispersão zoocórica (60%), germinação em um período de até três meses (69%) e densidade elevada da madeira (>0,8g/cm3 em 52%). O conjunto das características utilizadas não foi adequado para classificar todas as espécies, pois características consideradas como típicas para pioneiras, ou clímax, foram observadas na mesma espécie em 24 das árvores selecionadas (40%). A densidade da madeira e a regularidade de frutificação apresentaram pouca utilidade na classificação, como também a presença de dormência nas sementes, pois há dormência em espécies de todas as fases sucessionais. Porém, a distinção entre os diversos tipos de dormência permitiu a separação dos grupos. Sugerem-se, para uma classificação mais robusta, os seguintes critérios ligados a semente: tipo de dispersão, quantidade das reservas, tolerância ao dessecamento e tipo de dormência. A tentativa de classificação das espécies madeireiras evidenciou que a maioria apresentou o conjunto das características típicas do estádio final da sucessão florestal. Porém, poucas apresentaram características de estádios mais iniciais da sucessão, e possuem provavelmente maior resistência às perturbações florestais.

Ecological restoration aims to retrieve not only the structure but also the functionality of ecosystems. Frugivorous birds may play an important role in this process due to their efficiency in seed dispersal. Color perception in these animals is highly developed, and then the colors of fleshy fruits may provide important clues for choosing plant species for restoration plans. This study aims to integrate bird color preferences and restoration of degraded areas, with an objective to evaluate the potential attractiveness to birds by colored fruits. We carried out an experiment with 384 artificial fruits made of edible modeling clay with the following colors: black, blue, green and red, with 96 fruits of each color in six sites, including four restored areas and two second-growth forest fragments. We also tested the possible effect of light intensity on fruit consumption by color. A total of 120 (38.6%) were assumed to be consumed by birds, and the fruit consumption varied in response to the location and light incidence. Consumption of black and blue fruits was not related to site by chance. Notwithstanding, red and black fruits were consumed significantly more than any other colors, emphasizing bird preference to these colors, regardless of location. Enrichment with shade tolerant shrubs or forest species with black or red fruits may be an alternative way to manage established restorations. In recently established or new restorations, one may introduce pioneer shrubs or short-lived forest species which have blue fruits, but also those having black or red ones.

A análise do padrão de deposição de serapilheira foi empregada como bioindicador para comparar diferentes estádios de regeneração de floresta secundária, capoeira e pasto e um modelo de plantio adensado de revegetação. Coletores de serapilheira cônicos de 0,25 m² foram utilizados, obtendo-se uma produção total de biomassa de 10,17 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para a floresta secundária similar ao terço médio da área revegetada (8,98 Mg ha-1 ano-1). Para os terços inferior (5,85 Mg ha-1 ano-1) e superior (5,81 Mg ha-1 ano-1) e capoeira (5,63 Mg ha-1 ano-1), os dados foram similares aos obtidos em florestas alteradas. Apesar da necessidade de formulação de mais variáveis comparativas, a deposição de serapilheira pode ser usada como bioindicador de recuperação ambiental.