Statin plays a major role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inconsistent findings in the studies have been observed toward the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) using higher dose of statin. To examine this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the association between higher dose of various statins and risk of ICH among patients with CVD. Literature was searched for studies published before June 10, 2015, using electronic database 'PubMed', 'EMBASE', and 'Google Scholar' as well as from many trial databases. The following search terms were used: 'Statin therapy' AND 'Cardiovascular Disease', AND 'Dose' AND 'Intracerebral hemorrhage', AND 'Randomized Controlled Trials' AND 'High Dose Statin'. High dose of statins was defined as atorvastatin 80 mg, simvastatin 80 mg, pravastatin 40 mg, rosuvastatin 20 mg per day. Fixed-effect model was used to estimate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) if heterogeneity was <50%; otherwise, random-effect model was used. Begg's funnel plot was used to assess the publication bias. Seven RCTs involving 31,099 subjects receiving high-dose statin and 31,105 subjects receiving placebo were analyzed in our meta-analysis. A significant risk of ICH was observed in subjects with higher dose of statin (RR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.16-2.01; P = 0.002). There was no difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.86-1.06; P = 0.36). No publication bias was observed through Begg's funnel plot. Higher dose of statins was found to be associated with the risk of ICH. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM‐MNC) therapy has emerged as a potential therapy for the treatment of stroke. We performed a systematic review of published studies using BM‐MNC therapy in patients with ischaemic stroke (IS). Literature was searched using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Trip Database, Cochrane library and clinicaltrial.gov to identify studies on BM‐MNC therapy in IS till June, 2016. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. STATA version 13 was used for carrying out meta‐analysis. We included non‐randomized open‐label, single‐arm and non‐randomized comparative studies or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) if BM‐MNCs were used to treat patients with IS in any phase after the index stroke. One randomized trial, two non‐randomized comparative trials and four single‐arm open‐label trials (total seven studies) involving 227 subjects (137 patients and 90 controls) were included in the systematic review and meta‐analysis. The pooled proportion for favourable clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) in six studies involving 122 subjects was 29% (95% CI 0.16–0.43) who were exposed to BM‐MNCs and pooled proportion for favourable clinical outcome of 69 subjects (taken from two trials) who did not receive BM‐MNCs was 20% (95% CI 0.12–0.32). The pooled difference in the safety outcomes was not significant between both the groups. Our systematic review suggests that BM‐MNC therapy is safe up to 1 year post‐intervention and is feasible; however, its efficacy in the case of IS patients is debatable. Well‐designed randomized controlled trials are required to provide more information on the efficacy of BM‐MNC transplantation in patients with IS.

Stroke is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammatory conditions may lead to atherosclerosis and a subsequent stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to review the association of periodontitis and gingivitis with stroke. An electronic search of PubMed, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Science Citation Index, Database of Abstracts and Reviews of Effects (DARE), and various clinical trial registries was conducted to include studies published up to February 2022. Data was retrieved by 2 independent reviewers. The Stata software, v. 13, was used to conduct a meta-analysis. Thirteen studies stated an association between periodontitis, determined based on clinical attachment loss (CAL), and stroke. Meanwhile, 6 studies described an association between gingivitis, determined based on the gingival index (GI), and stroke. Out of the 6 studies on gingivitis, 5 also investigated CAL, which means the meta-analysis included 14 studies in total. The total number of participants from the included studies was 35,937, and they were all above 17 years of age. There was a significant association between periodontitis and gingivitis and stroke and its all types. There was a significant association between periodontitis and stroke and its all types in 13 studies (ES (effect size): 1.32; 95% CI (confidence interval): 1.04-1.60), and between gingivitis and all stroke types in 6 studies (ES: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.42-1.92). This systematic review indicated a significant association between stroke and periodontal disease in case-control, cohort and cross-sectional studies. The findings need to be further substantiated in prospective cohort studies with an optimal sample size.