Background: Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are caries and periodontal disease-related bacteria. The mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and xanthones that have antibacterial properties. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze mangosteen peel extracts' ability to inhibit S. mutans and P. gingivalis has biofilms growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: Mangosteen peel extract effects on the S. mutans ATCC-3198 and P. gingivalis ATCC-3327 in biofilms growth were evaluated by a crystal violet biofilm assay. Each bacterium was inoculated into a brain–heart infusion broth for 24 h at 37°C anaerobic conditions. A volume of 200 μL (10⁷ colony-forming unit/mL) of bacterial suspension were distributed in microplate wells and incubated for 24 h. Mangosteen peel extracts with different concentrations were added into biofilm wells. Biofilm without treatment was used as negative control. Biofilm mass was calculated by 0.5% crystal violet staining, and optical density was measured at 600 nm using microplate reader. All obtained data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with P < 0.05 set as the level of significance. Results: The results showed that mangosteen peel extract could inhibit the growth of S. mutans and P. gingivalis in biofilms significantly compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). The most effective concentration and incubation time for inhibiting biofilm growth was 100% in 6 h for S. mutans and 100% in 24 h for P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Mangosteen peel extract is effective at inhibiting S. mutans and P. gingivalis biofilms, and this antibiofilm agent can be an alternative therapy in preventing caries and periodontal disease. Future studies are needed to explore this effect.

Background: One of the most interesting effects of probiotics is their ability to modulate the immune system through the induction of cytokines and to enhance the host immune response. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of glycerol-supplemented Lactobacillus reuteri on the transcription level of interleukin (IL)-8 and human-beta-defensin (hBD)-2 expressed by epithelial cells after exposure to bacteria. Materials and Methods: The confluent-cultured HaCat cell line (10⁵ cells/mL) was exposed to Streptococcus mutans ATCC-25175 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC-33277 (10⁷ colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) for 24 h and challenged with probiotic L. reuteri ATCC-55730 (10⁷ CFU/mL) supplemented with glycerol. Subsequently, the transcription levels of IL-8 and hBD-2 in HaCat cells were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, cell viability was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All the obtained data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test, with P < 0.05 set as the level of significance. Results: The MTT assays confirmed no cytotoxic effects of glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri on HaCat cells (viability >90%). mRNA expression of IL-8 and hBD-2 increased after exposure to both bacteria. The presence of glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri significantly reduced the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2 on HaCat cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri reduced the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2, and the results may be proof of principle for a probiotic approach to combating inflammation. However, further studies are needed to validate this probiotic effect.

Impaired development that causes stunting is one of the most common health problems in Indonesia. In particular, the highest number of cases of stunting in Indonesia was reported in the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) province. Previous studies have shown a tendency for deteriorating oral hygiene in children with a poor nutritional status. In addition, a higher proportion of oral Veillonella has been reported in children with poor oral hygiene. However, the relationship between populations of oral Veillonella and stunting has not been studied before. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the oral Veillonella profile in the dental biofilms of healthy and stunted children aged 6–7 years. The participants were 60 elementary school students in the Nangapanda District, Ende, NTT, Indonesia. In this study, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine dental biofilm samples from the healthy (n = 31) and stunted (n = 29) groups. The results revealed that seven oral Veillonella species were found in all groups. However, the number of four oral Veillonella species significantly differed between the healthy and stunted groups: V. denticariosi, V. infantium, V. rogosae, and V. tobetsuensis. This is the first study to demonstrate a potential association between oral Veillonella species and stunting in children.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reuterin produced by a novel probiotic strain of Lactobacillus reuteri against periodontal biofilms. Materials and Methods L. reuteri LC382415 (an indigenous Indonesian strain) was cultured in Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar in anaerobic conditions for 24 hours. To isolate reuterin, L. reuteri was suspended in 300-mM glycerol in MRS broth and incubated under anaerobic conditions for 3 hours, and the supernatant fraction was filtered. The presence of reuterin was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and its concentration was determined. The effect of reuterin on Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and T. denticola ATCC 35405 biofilms was evaluated using biofilm assays. Biofilms were formed by incubating bacteria in 96-well microplates for 48 hours. A dose-dependent experiment was performed with reuterin concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL on biofilms. The inhibitory effect was measured at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours. The biofilm masses were measured at 490 nm. Statistical analysis was using one-way ANOVA. Results The SDS-PAGE assay confirmed the presence of reuterin (52 kDa) in the culture supernatant of the L. reuteri strain. Reuterin in a concentration as low as 12.5 μg/mL significantly inhibited single- and mixed-species biofilms (p < 0.05). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate the promising effect of reuterin isolated from L. reuteri LC382415 against periodontal bacteria. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanism of this active component.

Objective:The studies on the influence of geographical and socio-economic factors on the oral microbiome remain underrepresented. The Indonesia basic health research (RISKESDAS) 2018, showed an increasing trend in non-communicable diseases compared with the previous report in 2013. The prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and obesity are reported to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Interestingly, non-communicable diseases were found to be more prevalent in women than men. This pilot study aimed to examine the oral health and oral microbiome derived from tongue samples of healthy Indonesian women from urban and rural areas.Methods:Twenty women aged 21–47 years old from West Jakarta, residents of DKI Jakarta (n= 10) as representative of the urban area, and residents of Ende, Nangapanda, East Nusa Tenggara (n= 10) as representative of the rural area were recruited for this pilot study. The participants were evaluated by the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) according to the criteria of Greene and Vermillion and divided into three groups. High-throughput DNA sequencing was performed on an Illumina iSeq 100 platform.Results:The principal component analysis displayed a marked difference in the bacterial community profiles between the urban and rural localities. The presence of manifest was associated with increased diversity and an altered oral bacterial community profile in the urban women. Two bacterial taxa were present at significantly higher levels (adjustedp< 0.01) in the urban oral microflora (GenusPrevotellaandLeptotricia) could account for this difference irrespective of the individual oral hygiene status. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed several distinct urban biomarkers. At the species level,Leptotrichia wadei, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella jejuni, andP. histicola, show an excellent discriminatory potential for distinguishing the oral microflora in women between urban and rural areas. Further, using SparCC co-occurrence network analysis, the co-occurrence pattern in the dominant core oral microbiome assembly was observed to be specific to its ecological niche between two populations.Conclusions:This is the first pilot study demonstrating the characterization of the oral microbiome in Indonesian women in urban and rural areas. We found that the oral microbiome in women displays distinct patterns consistent with geographic locality. The specific characterization of the microbiota of Indonesian women is likely linked to geographical specific dietary habits, cultural habits, and socio-economic status or the population studied.