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Arun Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

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Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Environmental Research
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This study investigated the effect of an organic pollutant (Bisphenol- A, an endocrine-disrupting chemical) on the stability of a mixture of nanoparticles (NPs). Experiments were conducted in seawater chemistry condition with TiO2/ZnO NP concentration ratio: 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10,100; pH: 7.4 and 8.1; BPA concentration: 1 and 10 μg/L. The presence of BPA was found to increase the size of NP. Lower pH of 7.4 increased size of NPs from 3 to 297% (at 1 μg/L BPA; NP ratio = 0.1 to 100). Aggregation rate constant values ranged between 0.17 and 1.81 nm/s in pH 7.4 suspension and between 0.48 and 56 nm/s in pH 8.1 suspension. Factors, such as pH and NP mass concentration had major effects on size change for suspension having the same ratio of TiO2/ZnO. NP aggregate was comprised of 97% ZnO NP, 3% TiO2 NP and had 1.39 mg/kg BPA. Overall, this study found dominance of van der Waals forces of attraction in mixture suspension of NPs and BPA. The obtained result on NP persistence in seawater can now be used in estimating exposure doses of a mixture of nanoparticles during inadvertent exposure.

ACS Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. Effect of seawater acidification and plasticizer (Bisphenol-A) on aggregation of nanoparticles. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111498 .

AMA Style

Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar. Effect of seawater acidification and plasticizer (Bisphenol-A) on aggregation of nanoparticles. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Effect of seawater acidification and plasticizer (Bisphenol-A) on aggregation of nanoparticles." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111498.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
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With rapid growth in solar industry, the potential fate and management of solar modules has raised concerns due to the presence of few toxic metals. Present work addressed this issue by (i) estimating potential release values (solubility product, Ksp at pH 7) of various compounds used in different layers of emerging solar cells in neutral water and landfill leachate conditions, and (ii) further comparing their metal release values (termed as loss factors, LFs, hereafter) with that of first and second generation photovoltaics. Top five compounds with highest metal release probability (probability>0.5) were found to be: PbI2(highest LF)> CuI> Cd(OH)2> CuSCN> CdO (smallest LF). Also, the identified compounds with lowest risk were: PbSe

ACS Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Theoretical evaluation of metal release potential of emerging third generation solar photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2021, 227, 111120 .

AMA Style

Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Theoretical evaluation of metal release potential of emerging third generation solar photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2021; 227 ():111120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Theoretical evaluation of metal release potential of emerging third generation solar photovoltaics." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 227, no. : 111120.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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This is the first study to assess human health risks due to the exposure of ‘repurposed’ pharmaceutical drugs used to treat Covid-19 infection. The study used a six-step approach to determine health risk estimates. For this, consumption of pharmaceuticals under normal circumstances and in Covid-19 infection was compiled to calculate the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in river water and in fishes. Risk estimates of pharmaceutical drugs were evaluated for adults as they are most affected by Covid-19 pandemic. Acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are estimated using the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) or no observable effect level (NOEL) values in rats. The estimated ADI values are then used to calculate predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for three different exposure routes (i) through the accidental ingestion of contaminated surface water during recreational activities only, (ii) through fish consumption only, and (iii) through combined accidental ingestion of contaminated surface water during recreational activities and fish consumption. Higher risk values (hazard quotient, HQ: 337.68, maximum; 11.83, minimum) were obtained for the combined ingestion of contaminated water during recreational activities and fish consumption exposure under the assumptions used in this study indicating possible effects to human health. Amongst the pharmaceutical drugs, ritonavir emerged as main drug, and is expected to pose adverse effects on r human health through fish consumption. Mixture toxicity analysis showed major risk effects of exposure of pharmaceutical drugs (interaction-based hazard index, HIint: from 295.42 (for lopinavir + ritonavir) to 1.20 for chloroquine + rapamycin) demonstrating possible risks due to the co-existence of pharmaceutical in water. The presence of background contaminants in contaminated water does not show any influence on the observed risk estimates as indicated by low HQadd values (<1). Regular monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic environment needs to be carried out to reduce the adverse effects of pharmaceutical drugs on human health.

ACS Style

Minashree Kumari; Arun Kumar. Can pharmaceutical drugs used to treat Covid-19 infection leads to human health risk? A hypothetical study to identify potential risk. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 778, 146303 -146303.

AMA Style

Minashree Kumari, Arun Kumar. Can pharmaceutical drugs used to treat Covid-19 infection leads to human health risk? A hypothetical study to identify potential risk. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 778 ():146303-146303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minashree Kumari; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Can pharmaceutical drugs used to treat Covid-19 infection leads to human health risk? A hypothetical study to identify potential risk." Science of The Total Environment 778, no. : 146303-146303.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Waste Management
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The upcoming end-of-life solar photovoltaics (PV) waste stream is a huge concern before solid waste professionals due to presence of hazardous metals like lead or cadmium. The objective of present study was to understand the metal dissolution from PVs under four standard waste characterization regulatory tests of U.S., Germany, and Japan and their representativeness with actual landfill leachate. Modules were exposed to real municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate for extended extraction duration, agitation and diluted leachate to investigate the effect of various parameters on metal dissolution. The results indicated that extractions using landfill leachates resulted in lower metal release than standard methods. The leached metal concentrations were found to be within the threshold limits except for cadmium, copper, lead and selenium, with maximum lead release from amorphous-PV of 8.68 mg/L and 6.91 mg/L with respect to TCLP and WET tests, respectively. Arsenic showed negligible release with maximum concentration of 0.046 mg/L from copper indium gallium de-selenide(CIGS) PV. Regardless of small size (1–2 cm pieces) and agitation, Germany and Japan’s standard tests resulted in minimal release except of copper from copper indium gallium de-selenide PV. Leaching without agitation, showed negligible release from all photovoltaics whereas when agitation is applied to diluted leachate, significant release was observed with aluminum and copper leached up to 145.32 mg/L (multi-crystalline silicon) and 139.01 mg/L (amorphous-PV), respectively. CIGS was found to be most hazardous with a Metal Hazard Score (calculated on the basis of magnitude of leached metals with respect to their threshold limit and subsequent health effects) of 23.19, when exposed to standard tests. For all scenarios, increased metal release was observed with decrease in sample size and increase in leachate dilution and thus, leaching in highly acidic conditions are by no means representative for modules dumping in realistic conditions.

ACS Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Understanding metal dissolution from solar photovoltaics in MSW leachate under standard waste characterization conditions for informing end-of-life photovoltaic waste management. Waste Management 2021, 123, 97 -110.

AMA Style

Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Understanding metal dissolution from solar photovoltaics in MSW leachate under standard waste characterization conditions for informing end-of-life photovoltaic waste management. Waste Management. 2021; 123 ():97-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Understanding metal dissolution from solar photovoltaics in MSW leachate under standard waste characterization conditions for informing end-of-life photovoltaic waste management." Waste Management 123, no. : 97-110.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study developed a framework termed as “mixNanohealthrisk” hereafter, for the first time as per literature review, to provide exposure limit or reference dose for co-occurring nanoparticles (NPs) in water for different regions of the world. The effect of interaction of NPs on (i) NP occurrence in environment and (ii) toxic effects were incorporated for estimating NP exposure dose and associated risks (in terms of risk quotient (RQ) and hazard index (HI). Reference dose (RfD) values for SiO2, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CNT, C60, ZnO and CuO NPs were calculated for the first time in this study based on toxicity studies. RfD values for top three risk-posing nanoparticles when co-occurring together were found to be 0.1 mg/kg/d (CuO), 0.12 mg/kg/d (ZnO) and 0.19 mg/kg/d (TiO2). Calculated maximum allowable concentration values for these nanoparticles were found to be 70.8, 84.4 and 136 mg/L for CuO, ZnO and TiO2 NPs. Exposures to nanoparticles aggregate (ZnO NP + CuO NP) in mixture suspension was found to have allowable ZnO and CuO concentration values of 24.7 mg/L and 175.2 mg/L respectively when present as aggregate. Top three regions identified with highest risk quotient were found to be USA followed by Switzerland and whole of Europe. During use of NP-interaction data for estimating risks, Ag, TiO2 and CuO NPs were found to have lowest maximum allowable concentration values. The identified top three risk-posing NPs can be used for conducting toxicity studies for mixture of NPs and long-term monitoring so that it can be used for setting up guideline concentration values for NPs in mixture for water environment.

ACS Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 776, 145175 .

AMA Style

Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar. Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 776 ():145175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium." Science of The Total Environment 776, no. : 145175.

Research article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The present study investigated the variation in leachate pollution index (LPI) of four municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping sites: non-engineered (Okhla, Ghazipur, Bhalswa) and engineered (Narela-Bawana) of Delhi, India. A review of 142 screened studies from Google Scholar database was done for synthesis of information on LPI parameters. Further, the rate constant determination and human health risk assessment for various leachate parameters was done. Results showed the following LPI trends: Okhla landfill: irregular with exceedance to threshold value; Bhalswa landfill: exponential increase; and Narela-Bawana landfill: linear increase. Parameters such as pH, dissolved solids, copper, nickel, zinc, and chromium of Bhalswa landfill, exhibited an exponential decay with LPI variation. Whereas, for Narela-Bawana’s leachate BOD and COD parameters, an exponential decay in LPI vs zinc and linear increase for LPI vs lead was observed. For all dumping sites, a positive correlation was observed between heavy metals and LPI. In case of human health risk assessment, order of oral risk posed by Okhla’s metals was cadmium > chromium > nickel > lead, with maximum hazard quotient (HQ) of 1.61 for cadmium. For Ghazipur and Bhalswa landfills, cancer risk values for both adult and child sub-populations were observed to be maximum for cadmium followed by nickel, chromium, and minimum for lead. For Narela-Bawana landfill, the order of cancer risk was as follows: chromium > nickel > lead. HQ for Pb-contaminated groundwater exceeded the threshold limit in Ghazipur and Bhalswa landfills. For dermal groundwater exposure, cadmium for Okhla (adult 2.3 × 10−4 and child 1.4 × 10−4), Ghazipur (adult 9 × 10−5 and child 5.2 × 10−5), and Bhalswa (adult 1.5 × 10−4 and child 8.6 × 10−5) was observed to have maximum cancer risk. The analyzed year-wise LPI trend, calculated rate constants, and human health risk values from present study provide a basis to waste managers and regulators for understanding various waste sources.

ACS Style

Rakhi Chaudhary; Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Temporal variation of leachate pollution index of Indian landfill sites and associated human health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 28391 -28406.

AMA Style

Rakhi Chaudhary, Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Temporal variation of leachate pollution index of Indian landfill sites and associated human health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (22):28391-28406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rakhi Chaudhary; Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2021. "Temporal variation of leachate pollution index of Indian landfill sites and associated human health risk." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 22: 28391-28406.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Chemosphere
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This study aims to calculate deposition of PM2.5 -bound hazardous metals in different organs after inhalation of particulate matter for the Delhi (India), and to estimate risks to organs following inhalation. Bio-accessible fractions of three PM-associated carcinogenic metals (As, Pb &Cd) were calculated using the metal values in simulated lung fluids. Depositions of metals in different organs were calculated using an integrated model consists of HRT and PBPK models. The calculation indicates that the major or significant deposition of metal Pb occurs in tissues, such as bone, muscle and blood. Most of the depositions of Cd happens in lung whereas most of the depositions of As happens in lung, muscle and skin. Most of the deposition of studied metals was found in lung (45% for arsenic and 70% for cadmium of their bio -dissolved contents). The following order of depositions of metals in different tissues were found (from highest deposition to smallest deposition): As: Lung > muscle = liver; Pb: bone > blood > muscle; Cd: lung > intestine. The combined exposures of PM2.5 and its associated metals were found to give interaction-based hazard index greater than 1 for several months of the year, indicating a chance of health risk. Hazard quotient (HQ) <1 was seen for ingestion and dermal pathways, indicating no cause of concern. Findings indicate the need for doing periodic monitoring and estimating deposition doses and exposure risks of PM-associated metals to lungs and other organs for protecting human health.

ACS Style

Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Vivekanandan Perumal; Arun Kumar. Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi. Chemosphere 2020, 260, 127451 .

AMA Style

Ananya Das, Gazala Habib, Vivekanandan Perumal, Arun Kumar. Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi. Chemosphere. 2020; 260 ():127451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Vivekanandan Perumal; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi." Chemosphere 260, no. : 127451.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This research provides a framework for the human health risk assessment due to exposure of AR (antibiotic resistance) E. coli from recreational water (swimming activity). Literature-based epidemiological studies were used for f-value formulation (i.e., AR E. coli/total number of E. coli isolates) and the theoretical calculation of AR and non-AR E. coli concentrations. Risk was estimated using calculated values by considering four different dose-response (D-R) scenarios with known characteristics due to current lack of availability of D-R for AR bacteria. f-values ranged between 0.14 and 0.59 and the order of calculated theoretical values of maximum AR E. coli are as follows: ampicillin or amoxicillin (38 CFU/dip) > co-trimoxazole (19 CFU/dip) ~ tetracycline (18 CFU/dip) > ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or ceftazidime (10 CFU/dip) ~ ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin (9 CFU/dip). The risk of infection was considerably high for theoretical calculated concentration values regardless of the chosen D-R model (annual risk of infection (95th percentile) = 1, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = −0.06 to 0.94), under the conditions studied. Further, AR levels of human gastrointestinal-tract were determined using literature-reported data in stool samples and indicated that the resistance level was very high in healthy human (range: 3.7 × 107–8.4 × 107 CFU/g of wet lumen content). The maximum allowable concentration values for AR E. coli and non-ARB (0.0075 CFU/dip and 2.56 CFU/dip) were found to be smaller than the USEPA recreational water quality guidelines (≤126 CFU/100 mL), which can help the USEPA and other regulatory bodies in revisiting the current guidelines. So based on the noted results, we can conclude that the maintenance of inventory of actual measured concentration of ARB in the recreational water sites is needed to prevent unwanted complication related to the treatment of infectious sustained by resistant microbes.

ACS Style

Neha Tyagi; Arun Kumar. Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 279, 111626 .

AMA Style

Neha Tyagi, Arun Kumar. Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 279 ():111626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neha Tyagi; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework." Journal of Environmental Management 279, no. : 111626.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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When the total ambient PM2.5 levels are several-fold higher than the recommended limit, it may be important to study the distributions of different sizes of particulate matter (PM). Here, we assess the distributions of various sizes of total PM2.5 for 12 months (on a monthly basis) in New Delhi, India. Importantly, we found that ultrafine particles (i.e., particles <0.5 μm) contribute significantly to total PM2.5. PM<0.25 were the most cytotoxic particles to human lung epithelial cells in all the 12 months. In addition, PM<0.25 were associated with significantly higher cytotoxicity per unit mass compared to other size fractions constituting PM2.5. For any given size of PM, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated per unit mass is higher for the month of March as compared to that for the rest of the months in the year. The higher ROS generations for all sizes of PM collected in the month of March was not explained by differences in their metal content values. Our data suggests the lack of correlation between total PM2.5 levels and the highly cytotoxic PM<0.25. In summary, this work establishes the need for policy changes to routinely monitor PM<0.25 and the necessity to establish exposure limits for PM<0.25, especially when the total PM2.5 levels are breached.

ACS Style

Ananya Das; Arun Kumar; Gazala Habib; Perumal Vivekanandan. Insights on the biological role of ultrafine particles of size PM<0.25: A prospective study from New Delhi. Environmental Pollution 2020, 268, 115638 .

AMA Style

Ananya Das, Arun Kumar, Gazala Habib, Perumal Vivekanandan. Insights on the biological role of ultrafine particles of size PM<0.25: A prospective study from New Delhi. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 268 ():115638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananya Das; Arun Kumar; Gazala Habib; Perumal Vivekanandan. 2020. "Insights on the biological role of ultrafine particles of size PM<0.25: A prospective study from New Delhi." Environmental Pollution 268, no. : 115638.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2020 in Chemosphere
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The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected at academic campus of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India from January–December 2017. The PM2.5 samples were analysed for carcinogenic (Cd, Cr, As, Ni, and Pb) and non-carcinogenic (V, Cu, Zn, Fe) trace metals and their elicited effects on carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. Toxicological testing was done with ELISA kit. Same analyses were repeated for standard reference material (NIST-1648a) represents urban particulate matter. The student-t test and spearman correlation were used for data analysis. The seasonality in PM2.5 mass concentration and chemical composition showed effect on biological outcomes. The PM2.5 in post-monsoon and winter had higher amount of trace metals compared to mass collected in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Following the trend in PM mass concentration significantly (p < 0.5) lower cell viability was observed in post-monsoon and winter compared to other two seasons. NIST UPM 1648(a) samples always had higher cytotoxicity compared to ambient PM2.5 Delhi sample. Strong association of Chromium, Nickel, Cadmium, and Zinc was observed with cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In winter IL-6, IL-8 production were 2.8 and 3 times higher than values observed in post-monsoon and 53 and 9 times higher than control. In winter season trace metals As, Cu, Fe, in pre-monsoon Cr, Ni, As, Pb, V, and Fe, in post-monsoon Cd and V strongly correlated with ROS generation. ROS production in winter and pre-monsoon seasons found to be 2.6 and 1.3 times higher than extremely polluted post-monsoon season which had 2 to 3 times higher PM2.5 concentration compared to winter and pre-monsoon. The result clearly indicated that the presence of Fe in winter and pre-monsoon seasons catalysed the ROS production, probably OH˙ radical caused high cytokines production which influenced the cell viability reduction, while in post-monsoon PM majorly composed of Pb, As, Fe and Cu and affected by photochemical smog formation showed significant association between ROS production with cell viability. Overall, in Delhi most toxic seasons for respiratory system are winter and post-monsoon and safest season is monsoon.

ACS Style

Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Perumal Vivekanandan; Arun Kumar. Reactive oxygen species production and inflammatory effects of ambient PM2.5 -associated metals on human lung epithelial A549 cells “one year-long study”: The Delhi chapter. Chemosphere 2020, 262, 128305 .

AMA Style

Ananya Das, Gazala Habib, Perumal Vivekanandan, Arun Kumar. Reactive oxygen species production and inflammatory effects of ambient PM2.5 -associated metals on human lung epithelial A549 cells “one year-long study”: The Delhi chapter. Chemosphere. 2020; 262 ():128305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Perumal Vivekanandan; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Reactive oxygen species production and inflammatory effects of ambient PM2.5 -associated metals on human lung epithelial A549 cells “one year-long study”: The Delhi chapter." Chemosphere 262, no. : 128305.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Chemosphere
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This study proposed a framework to estimate health risks due to exposure of mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) from surface water, for the first time, as per authors’ best knowledge. The framework consisted of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, risk characterization and risk management steps. Concentrations of mixture of NPs and associated ions were compiled and range of values were used for exposure estimation. The resulting concentrations of nanoparticle and metal ions in simulated digestive fluid were calculated and used to estimate exposure dose to digestive system organs during a hypothetical exposure of water during recreational activity. Exposure doses of different possible combination of ZnO NP, CuO NP, Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions were considered. The ECHA weight-of- evidence framework was used for formulating hypotheses and collecting evidence for determining reference dose (RfD) and interaction parameter for estimating hazard interaction as per the USEPA modified weight-of-evidence method for estimating risks of binary NPs and ions. RfD values of CuO (0.0262mg/kg/d) and ZnO NP (0.0315mg/kg/d) were derived using information from rat-based oral toxicity studies and assumed values of uncertainty factors. The results showed that mixture of NPs under environmentally-relevant conditions do not pose any health risk. The uncertainty analysis indicated that ZnO+CuO+Zn+Cu ion suspension posed the highest risk. The switchover analysis indicated that NP concentration >0.207mg/L resulted in risk estimate greater than 1 and pose risk. Although risk estimate was found to be smaller than 1 under the studied natural water condition, efforts should be made to continue monitoring mixture of NPs as a precautionary approach. More efforts are required to obtain data on (i)toxicity of mixture of NPs, (ii)their interaction effects, (iii)fractions of NPs reaching target organ in order to accurately predict risk. Potential benefit of this framework is its usage for development of structure for estimating exposure risks due to mixture of NPs and ions from surface water. This can also be used to adopt methodology for gathering information on evidence required in different steps of risk assessment process, like obtaining RfD/uncertainty factor related parameters in dose-response assessment step, deriving interaction and mixture toxicity-related parameters in risk estimation step.

ACS Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. Weight-of-evidence process for assessing human health risk of mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles and corresponding ions in aquatic matrices. Chemosphere 2020, 263, 128289 .

AMA Style

Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar. Weight-of-evidence process for assessing human health risk of mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles and corresponding ions in aquatic matrices. Chemosphere. 2020; 263 ():128289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Weight-of-evidence process for assessing human health risk of mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles and corresponding ions in aquatic matrices." Chemosphere 263, no. : 128289.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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Photovoltaic industry has shown tremendous growth among renewable energy sector. Though, this high installation rate will eventually result in generation of large volume of end-of-life photovoltaic waste with hazardous metals. In present study, reported leached metal contents from different photovoltaics in previous investigations were utilized for (i) potential fate and transport analysis to soil and groundwater and, (ii) estimating ecological and human health risks via dermal and ingestion pathways for child and adult sub-populations. The results indicate that the children are at highest risk, mainly due to lead (hazard quotient from 1.2 to 2.6). Metals such as cadmium, lead, indium, molybdenum and tellurium pose maximum risk for child and adult sub-populations via soil-dermal pathway followed by soil-ingestion pathway. This is further proved by calculated high values of contamination factor and geo-accumulation index for cadmium (102.4), indium (238.9) and molybdenum (16.12). The estimated soil contamination is significant with respect to aluminium, silver, cadmium, iron, lead, however, groundwater contamination was insignificant. Exposure to polluted soils yields an aggregate hazard index (for non-cancer effects) >1 for all four pathways, with soil dermal pathway as the major contributor. Lead poses significant risk for all scenarios (average risk: 0.0098 to 0.047 (soil) and 2.1×10-5 to 3.5×10-5 (groundwater)), whereas acceptable risk was observed for other metals from groundwater exposure. Further, variance contribution and spearman correlation coefficient analysis show that metal concentration, exposure frequency and ingestion rate are main contributors towards overall uncertainty in risk assessment. More detailed assessment for environmentally-sensitive metals should be carried out by considering other field breakage scenarios, although the assessment suggests low risk for majority of metals examined.

ACS Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals leached from end-of-life solar photovoltaics. Environmental Pollution 2020, 267, 115393 .

AMA Style

Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals leached from end-of-life solar photovoltaics. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 267 ():115393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals leached from end-of-life solar photovoltaics." Environmental Pollution 267, no. : 115393.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2020 in Waste Management
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To investigate the after end-of-life concerns of solar panels, four commercially available photovoltaics (reduced to 15×15 cm2 size) in broken and unbroken conditions were exposed to three synthetic solutions of pH 4, 7, 10 and one real municipal solid waste landfill leachate for one year. Metals leaching, encapsulant degradation and release, probability of leached metals exceeding their surface water limits, and change in pollution index of leachate after dumping of solar panels were investigated. Rainwater simulating solution was found to be predominant for metal release from silicon-based photovoltaics, with silver, lead and chromium being released up to 683.26 mg/L (26.9%), 23.37 mg/L (17.6%), and 14.96 mg/L (13.05%), respectively. Copper indium gallium (de) selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic was found to be least vulnerable in various conditions with negligible release of indium, molybdenum, selenium and gallium with values ranging between 0.2 and 1mg/L (0.30%-0.74%). In contrast, minimal metals were released in real landfill leachate compared to other leaching solutions for all photovoltaics. Positive correlation was observed between encapsulant release and metal dissolution with a maximum encapsulant release in silicon-based photovoltaics in rainwater conditions. The calcualtion of values of probability of exceedance of leached metals to their respective surface water limits for aluminium (multi- and mono- crystalline-silicon), silver (amorphous photovoltaic) and indium (CIGS) indicated maximum value to be 92.31%. The regression analysis indicated that conditions of the modules and pH of the leaching solution play significant roles in the metal leaching. The increase in leachate contamination potential after one-year of photovoltaics dumping was found to be 12.02%, 10.90%, 15.26%, 54.19% for amorphous, CIGS, mono and multi crystalline-silicon photovoltaics, respectively. Overall, the maximum metal release observed in the present study is 30% of the initial amount under the most stressful conditions, which suggests that short-term leaching studies with millimeter sized sample pieces do not represent the realistic dumping scenarios.

ACS Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Metal dissolution from end-of-life solar photovoltaics in real landfill leachate versus synthetic solutions: One-year study. Waste Management 2020, 114, 351 -361.

AMA Style

Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Metal dissolution from end-of-life solar photovoltaics in real landfill leachate versus synthetic solutions: One-year study. Waste Management. 2020; 114 ():351-361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Metal dissolution from end-of-life solar photovoltaics in real landfill leachate versus synthetic solutions: One-year study." Waste Management 114, no. : 351-361.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Renewable Energy
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The present study addresses the aspect of upcoming stream of solar photovoltaics waste. The aim of this study was to understand the possibility of material release from end-of-life solar modules using an integrated approach of literature review and stakeholders survey. it involved (i) identification of failure events responsible for degradation of photovoltaic modules were identified from literature review, (ii) evaluation of these events by a survey of stakeholders of photovoltaic industry and (iii) investigation of their perceptions on events responsible for generation of end-of-life modules, present management and recycling practices, (iv) conducting of fault tree analysis and risk priority number analysis for finding severe failure events responsible for dumping and material leaching from solar modules. Assessment indicates that environmental factors, like high UV irradiation, humidity, temperature play significant role in module degradation. As per survey, more than 90% of manufacturers were involved in crystalline-silicon photovoltaic business. Only 20% manufacturers replied when asked on the aspect of end-of-life modules, showing that the photovoltaic waste is comparatively a new subject and not enough discussion have been devoted to it. Lack of recycling infrastructure, incentives, and environmental awareness significantly influence recycling and recuse practices. With worst-case scenarios, the maximum probability of the material release from dumped solar panels was found to 0.053. As per manufacturer's opinion, the most critical factors resulting in modules failure are glass breakage and encapsulant degradation. Among various events, the module breakage during operation event have highest probability value (i.e., 0.313). Risk priority number analysis suggests that generation of end-of-life photovoltaic and environmental damage resulting to metal leaching as the most significant events. Damage during manufacturing and installation were least significant events resulting in degradation. At present, 76% producers do not recycle or reuse photovoltaic waste material, preferably sell them to informal waste recyclers or rag pickers. Findings from the present study highlight the urgency to develop a suitable system for collection and management of end-of-life photovoltaic modules.

ACS Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. Understanding the possibility of material release from end-of-life solar modules: A study based on literature review and survey analysis. Renewable Energy 2020, 160, 903 -918.

AMA Style

Preeti Nain, Arun Kumar. Understanding the possibility of material release from end-of-life solar modules: A study based on literature review and survey analysis. Renewable Energy. 2020; 160 ():903-918.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preeti Nain; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Understanding the possibility of material release from end-of-life solar modules: A study based on literature review and survey analysis." Renewable Energy 160, no. : 903-918.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020
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Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Vivekanandan Perumal; Arun Kumar. Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi. 2020, 260, 127451 .

AMA Style

Ananya Das, Gazala Habib, Vivekanandan Perumal, Arun Kumar. Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi. . 2020; 260 ():127451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananya Das; Gazala Habib; Vivekanandan Perumal; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi." 260, no. : 127451.

Review article
Published: 21 June 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Toxicity risk assessment of chemical mixture possesses huge challenges due to limited evidence on toxicity of compounds, the infinite number of chemical combinations makes the problem even more difficult. Normally, prediction of joint mixture toxicity depends on toxicological data of constituent compounds, although lack of information on dose-response of chemical mixture raises serious concerns on human health. Component-based approaches mainly use dose-addition or response-addition method to assess mixture toxicity risk exposure. Several models based on theoretical concepts of concentration/dose addition and independent/response action were also developed but these models do not address chemical interactions in mixture, and were mostly used to assess ecological risk exposure with limited or no information on human health risk assessment. This paper reviews available models to predict joint toxicity of chemical mixtures, and most applicable one to address human health risk exposure was identified. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) weight-of-evidence hazard index (HI) based approach seems to be most appropriate to predict joint toxicity of chemical mixtures, and applicability of model is explained using emerging contaminants as an example. The review also identified challenges in implementing the interaction-based EPA approach and highlighted the need for necessary future research actions.

ACS Style

Minashree Kumari; Arun Kumar. Identification of component-based approach for prediction of joint chemical mixture toxicity risk assessment with respect to human health: A critical review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 143, 111458 .

AMA Style

Minashree Kumari, Arun Kumar. Identification of component-based approach for prediction of joint chemical mixture toxicity risk assessment with respect to human health: A critical review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 143 ():111458.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minashree Kumari; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Identification of component-based approach for prediction of joint chemical mixture toxicity risk assessment with respect to human health: A critical review." Food and Chemical Toxicology 143, no. : 111458.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study proposed a framework (termed as “nanoHealthRisk” hereafter) for incorporating i) interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with fishes, ii) availability of NPs to the human digestive system, and iii) estimation of health risk due to fish consumption and inadvertent ingestion of NP-contaminated surface water, for the first time as per the literature review. The framework was applied for estimating health risks due to hypothetical exposures of pristine ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 NPs (without any surface functionalization) from fish tissues. Values of bio- concentration factors (BCF) of ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 NPs in fish and model distributions of bio-assimilation factor of ZnO, CuO and TiO2 NPs in the human digestive system were incorporated explicitly in the risk assessment of NPs for the first time. ZnO NP was observed to be transferred more to the human digestive system from aqueous matrix than the other two NPs. Maximum allowable values of NP posing no risk were found to be 0.115 mg/L, 0.152 mg/L, and 1.77 × 107 mg/L for pristine ZnO, CuO and TiO2 NP, respectively. At the environmental concentration range, exposures of studied NPs from aquatic environment under the assumptions used did not pose any health risk under the conditions studied in this study. More work is required to (1) Estimate bio-concentration factors of a mixture of NPs with other constituents in fish tissues, (2) Estimate dissolution of NP from fish tissue in human digestive media, (3) Generate new data to develop reference dose of NP for human health risk assessment, and (4) Study effect of NP fate in the water on health risk through fish consumption pathway. Until all above-mentioned aspects are not explicitly incorporated in the risk assessment framework, risk estimates do not represent the risk from environment completely. Thus, continuous monitoring of these NPs in the environment is required to protect health due to chronic exposure of small concentrations of NPs from an aqueous matrix.

ACS Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. Tradeoff between risks through ingestion of nanoparticle contaminated water or fish: Human health perspective. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 740, 140140 .

AMA Style

Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar. Tradeoff between risks through ingestion of nanoparticle contaminated water or fish: Human health perspective. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 740 ():140140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Tradeoff between risks through ingestion of nanoparticle contaminated water or fish: Human health perspective." Science of The Total Environment 740, no. : 140140.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The aim of this study was to understand heteroaggregation of mixture of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) with clay, for the first time as per the authors' knowledge. Aggregation studies of mixture of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles with clay was done (ionic strength =5 mM; pH 7; nanoparticles concentration = 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L; Clay concentration = 1, 10, and 100 mg/L and HA concentration = 0.1,1, and 10 mg/L as total organic carbon). Critical coagulation concentration (CCC) and attachment efficiency values of suspensions with ZnO: CuO ratio = 0.1, 1, 10 were also determined. Aggregation and liquid portions of mixture suspension at equal mass ratio were characterized for size, zeta potential (ZP), metal and ion contents, pH and conductivity. Results indicated that CCC was found to be 120.7 mM for ZnO: CuO ratio 10 and 1144 mM for ZnO: CuO ratio 1. Values of attachment efficiency were obtained to be 0.9 and 0.8 for these two ZnO:CuO ratio. At natural water ionic strength (IS) condition, aggregate rate constant of mixture of particles ranged from 0.281 to 8.63 nm/min for 10 mg/L NP concentration. Aggregation in suspension containing mixture of particles was found to be affected by NP concentration, clay concentration, and humic acid (p < 0.05). During a 1-h aggregation study, 2.67 mg Cu metal/g aggregate and 0.38 mg Zn/g aggregate were found in aggregates of 5 mM suspension. Overall, this study provided information on aggregation characterization of mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and CuO) in HA and clay presence, which is useful in understanding aggregation formation and in characterizing exposure dose for environmental risk assessment. More detailed information on a three -particle system with natural colloids is required for predicting their fate in aquatic system and defining risk.

ACS Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. Stability and characterization of mixture of three particle system containing ZnO-CuO nanoparticles and clay. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 740, 140095 .

AMA Style

Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar. Stability and characterization of mixture of three particle system containing ZnO-CuO nanoparticles and clay. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 740 ():140095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanushree Parsai; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Stability and characterization of mixture of three particle system containing ZnO-CuO nanoparticles and clay." Science of The Total Environment 740, no. : 140095.

Review
Published: 01 May 2020 in Water
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.

ACS Style

Andreas N. Angelakιs; Daniele Zaccaria; Jens Krasilnikoff; Miquel Salgot; Mohamed Bazza; Paolo Roccaro; Blanca Jimenez; Arun Kumar; Wang Yinghua; Alper Baba; Jessica Anne Harrison; Andrea Garduno-Jimenez; Elias Fereres. Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia. Water 2020, 12, 1285 .

AMA Style

Andreas N. Angelakιs, Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, Arun Kumar, Wang Yinghua, Alper Baba, Jessica Anne Harrison, Andrea Garduno-Jimenez, Elias Fereres. Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas N. Angelakιs; Daniele Zaccaria; Jens Krasilnikoff; Miquel Salgot; Mohamed Bazza; Paolo Roccaro; Blanca Jimenez; Arun Kumar; Wang Yinghua; Alper Baba; Jessica Anne Harrison; Andrea Garduno-Jimenez; Elias Fereres. 2020. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5: 1285.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Chemosphere
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Present study carried out pot experiments and evaluated effects of single and binary mixture of nanoparticles (exposed via sludge as soil conditioner) on spinach plant. Exposure of Ag2O NPs (1 and 10 mg/kg) did not show and significant reduction in plant as compared to control. On the other hand TiO2 NPs (exposed as single and in binary mixture) resulted in significant increase in root length (29% and 37%) and fresh weight (60% and 48%) at highest exposure concentration. Total chlorophyll content decreased for Ag2O and binary mixture (7% and 4%) and increased for TiO2 (5%) at 10 mg/kg soil. The toxic interaction between Ag2O and TiO2 NPs was additive at both exposure concentrations. Ag2O NPs had higher tendency of root surface adsorption than TiO2 NPs. Metal content in spinach leaves at highest exposure concentration was Ag: 2.6 ± 0.55 mg/g (for Ag2O NPs) and 1.02 ± 0.32 mg/g plant biomass (for Ag2O + TiO2 NPs) and for Ti: 1.12 ± 0.78 (for TiO2 NPs) mg/g and 0.58 ± 0.41 mg/g (for Ag2O + TiO2 NPs). The inadvertent ingestion of NPs contaminated spinach resulted in projected daily intake (DI) of Ag and Ti for different age-mass classes (child to adult) exceeding the oral reference dose for toxicity during oral ingestion. In conclusion, we report no acute toxicity of single and binary mixture of NPs to spinach but significant accumulation of Ag and Ti metal in spinach leaves. There are high chances that ingestion of spinach grown in such environment might lead to human health risks.

ACS Style

Divya Singh; Arun Kumar. Binary mixture of nanoparticles in sewage sludge: Impact on spinach growth. Chemosphere 2020, 254, 126794 .

AMA Style

Divya Singh, Arun Kumar. Binary mixture of nanoparticles in sewage sludge: Impact on spinach growth. Chemosphere. 2020; 254 ():126794.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Divya Singh; Arun Kumar. 2020. "Binary mixture of nanoparticles in sewage sludge: Impact on spinach growth." Chemosphere 254, no. : 126794.