Background: Adolescent tennis players encounter critical physical demands, but the lack of comprehensive analysis of training types hampers the selection of optimal training programs. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to analyze the effectiveness and limitations of various training types on the physical demands of adolescent tennis players, summarizing the optimal training methods to enhance these physical qualities.Methods: From March 2024, a comprehensive search was conducted across four electronic databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and Web of Science. Additionally, Google Scholar and other sources of gray literature were referenced. Original research articles with an experimental design were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, and the overall scientific evidence was determined through the best evidence synthesis (BES).Results: Eighteen articles on exercise training met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. These studies maintained a high standard of quality, making their findings relatively credible. Among them, five studies investigated plyometric training, five focused on neuromuscular training, three explored functional training, two examined traditional strength training, and three assessed High-Intensity Interval Training.Conclusion: To enhance speed, strength, power, agility, and dynamic balance, it is recommended to prioritize plyometric training, neuromuscular training, and functional training over traditional tennis training. Functional training is particularly effective for improving flexibility and balance, while plyometric training is more suited for increasing power and speed. Neuromuscular training, when performed before routine workouts, is beneficial for enhancing speed, flexibility, and strength. Hard surface training is ideal for boosting power, whereas sand training excels in improving strength, speed, and balance. Combining HIIT with strength training is especially advantageous for enhancing short-distance sprinting, repeated sprint ability, and power. By appropriately combining and utilizing these training methods, the physical capabilities and sports performance of adolescent tennis players can be comprehensively optimized.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024578147.

(1) Background: Exercise that exceeds the body’s accustomed load can lead to oxidative stress and increased fatigue during intense training or competition, resulting in decreased athletic performance and an increased risk of injury, and the new medicinal H₂ may be beneficial as an antioxidant. Therefore, we explored the effect of short-term supplementation of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the work performance and fatigue recovery of dragon boat athletes after training. (2) Methods: Eighteen dragon boat athletes who trained for 4 h a day (2 h in the morning and 2 h in the afternoon) were divided into an HRW group (n = 9) and a placebo water (PW) group (n = 9), drinking HRW or PW for 7 days. Each participant completed 30 s rowing dynamometer tests, monitoring the heart rate at baseline (i.e., Day 1) and after the intervention (on Day 8). (3) Result: Drinking HRW increased the maximum power and average power of the 30 s rowing test and decreased the maximum heart rate during the period. After the rowing test, the HRW group’s heart rate dropped significantly after 2 min of recovery, while the PW group’s heart rate did not drop. There was no significant difference between the 30 s rowing distance and the predicted duration of rowing 500 m. (4) Conclusions: Drinking HRW in the short term can effectively improve the power performance of dragon boat athletes and is conducive to the recovery of the heart rate after exercise, indicating that HRW may be a suitable means of hydration for athletes.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may help middle-aged and older adults resist age-related neurodegenerative conditions and psychiatric disorders. Recent studies suggested that Traditional Chinese exercises (TCEs) may be a promising strategy to improve the BDNF levels of these populations, while the effectiveness has yet to be definitively confirmed due to the variances in the study designs and observations. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of TCEs intervention on BDNF in middle-aged and older adults. The search was conducted in November 2024 in seven Chinese and English databases. Two reviewers independently reviewed the search results, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to determine the overall effect size and the impact of potential moderators. Ten publications consisting of 543 participants were included. The overall effect size of TCEs on BDNF was large and significant [Hedges'g = 0.82, 95 % CI (0.55, 1.09), p < 0.01]. Subgroup analysis revealed that the effect size was non-significant for participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (p = 0.08), while significant for participants with normal cognitive function (p < 0.01). In the meta-regression, moderators such as the mean age, sex, and baseline BDNF levels of participants, as well as total TCEs time were not associated with outcome variables. The certainty of the evidence was assessed as moderate. This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that TCEs intervention could increase the levels of BDNF in middle-aged and older adults with normal cognitive function. www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42023484121.

(1) Background: Hydrogen (H₂) may be a potential therapeutic agent for managing Long COVID symptoms due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, more scientific literature is needed to describe the effects of H₂ administration on treating symptoms. A study aimed to investigate the impact of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) administration on the fatigue and dyspnea of Long-COVID patients for 14 consecutive days. (2) Methods: In this randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study, 55 participants were recruited, and 23 of them were excluded. A total of 32 eligible participants were randomized into a hydrogen-rich water (HRW) group (n = 16) and a placebo water (PW) group (n = 16) in which they were instructed to consume hydrogen-rich water or placebo water for 14 days, respectively. The participants completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), 30 s Chair Stand Test (30s-CST), Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Rating Scale (mMRC), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21) before and after the intervention. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the effects of HRW. Cohen’s d values were used to assess the effect size when significance was observed. The mean change with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was also reported. (3) Results: The effects of HRW on lowering FSS scores (p = 0.046, [95% CI = −20.607, −0.198, d = 0.696] and improving total distance in the 6WMT (p < 0.001, [95% CI = 41.972, 61.891], d = 1.010), total time for the 30s-CST (p = 0.002, [95% CI = 1.570, 6.314], d = 1.190), and PSQI scores (p = 0.012, [95% CI = −5.169, 0.742], d = 1.274) compared to PW were of a significantly moderate effect size, while there was no significant difference in mMRC score (p = 0.556) or DASS-21 score (p > 0.143). (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HRW might be an effective strategy for alleviating fatigue and improving cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal function, and sleep quality. Still, it does not ameliorate dyspnea among Long-COVID patients.

(1) Background: The diversity of blood biomarkers used to assess the metabolic mechanisms of hydrogen limits a comprehensive understanding of its effects on improving exercise performance. This study evaluated the impact of hydrogen-rich gas (HRG) on metabolites following sprint-interval exercise using metabolomics approaches, aiming to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. (2) Methods: Ten healthy adult males participated in the Wingate Sprint-interval test (SIT) following 60 min of HRG or placebo (air) inhalation. Venous blood samples were collected for metabolomic analysis both before and after gas inhalation and subsequent to completing the SIT. (3) Results: Compared with the placebo, HRG inhalation significantly improved mean power, fatigue index, and time to peak for the fourth sprint and significantly reduced the attenuation values of peak power, mean power, and time to peak between the first and fourth. Metabolomic analysis highlighted the significant upregulation of acetylcarnitine, propionyl-L-carnitine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine upon HRG inhalation, with enrichment pathway analysis suggesting that HRG may foster fat mobilization by enhancing coenzyme A synthesis, promoting glycerophospholipid metabolism, and suppressing insulin levels. (4) Conclusions: Inhaling HRG before an SIT enhances end-stage anaerobic sprint capabilities and mitigates fatigue. Metabolomic analysis suggests that HRG may enhance ATP recovery during interval stages by accelerating fat oxidation, providing increased energy replenishment for late-stage sprints.

Aerobic exercise may improve immune component quantities in healthy and diseased populations, but its effects across different health conditions and immune systems remain unclear. This review examined its impact on immune components in both populations. A search in June 2025 across four databases included randomized controlled studies on aerobic exercise's effects on immune components in adults. Data (M ± SD) were extracted and converted to standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect meta-analysis. Seventeen studies (502 participants) were included. The meta-analysis results showed long-term aerobic exercise increased T-cell counts in diseased individuals (p < 0.05) but not in healthy ones (p > 0.05). It significantly reduced IgA levels in healthy participants compared to non-exercising controls (p < 0.05), potentially counteracting natural temporal increases observed in sedentary populations, without affecting IgG, IgM, leukocytes, neutrophils, or monocytes in either group (p > 0.05). Single-pass exercise did not alter leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD3⁺, or NK cells in healthy participants (p > 0.05). Long-term aerobic exercise primarily affects adaptive immune components, benefiting individuals with unstable immune conditions. Single-pass exercise has no effect on healthy populations, making long-term interventions more suitable for improving adaptive immunity in unstable immune states. www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42024546696.