Free radical is any molecular species that have unpaired free electrons in their outer orbital shell that make radicals highly reactive, resulting in pathogenesis conditions such as cellular injury, premature aging, cancer, hepatic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. One source of natural antioxidant is jackfruit. The purpose of this research was to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts and fractions of jackfruit peel and their potential as antioxidants. Jackfruit peel powder was extracted from maceration. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Meanwhile, flavonoid content was determined using the aluminium chloride complex colorimetric method. Measurements of antioxidant activity were conducted using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The ethyl acetate fraction had high phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were 49.667±1.508 g GAE/100 g of sample and 70.199±0.374 g of quercertin equivalent/100 g. The ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 4.539±0.201 µg/ mL and correlation value (R2 ) of 0.5881 for phenols and R2 of 0.7241 for flavonoids. Ethyl acetate fraction of jackfruit peel is very potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant and functional food.

One of the plants used in Indonesian traditional medicine, namely, Patiwala (Lantana camara), is traditionally used to treat some diseases, including itching, wounds, ulcers, swelling, eczema, tetanus, malaria, tumors, rheumatism, and headaches. This study aimed to characterize the compound nonpolar fraction of Patiwala leaf capable of scavenging free radicals. The characterization of compound was carried out using the Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with positive ion method, while the antioxidant testing was carried out using the radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. The results showed that the nonpolar fraction of the methanol extract of L. camara leaves was very strong toward DPPH radicals (IC₅₀ 34.65 ± 1.26 μg/mL and 40.23 ± 0.18 μg/mL), and FRAP radical (IC₅₀ 4.93 ± 0.22 μg/mL and 12.79 ± 0.09 μg/mL). Nineteen compounds identified by UPLC-MS/MS method were Resveratrol dimer, iso-humolones, oleuropein glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glycoside, myricetin, oleuropein, 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, aloeresin A, humulones, ursolic acid, viniferin, Epicatechin, oleanolic acid, 5-hydroxy-3′,4′,7-trimerthoxy-flavanone, Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-D-glucoside, procyanidin A2, caffeoyl-O-hexoside, tansihnone IIA, and phillyrin. The methanolic extract of L. camara leaves can be developed as a source of antioxidants from natural ingredients.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moshata Duch) is one of the Cucurbitaceae plants, which traditionally used to treat skin diseases, measles, jaundice, insomnia, cancer and enhances endurance. Therefore, it was necessary to explore the potential of pumpkin leaves as antiradical. This research aim was to examine the antiradical activity and total phenolic and total flavonoids of pumpkin leaves extract and its fractions using the DPPH method and determined the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Pumpkin leave powder was extracted with methanol. Furthermore, water was added into methanol extract, and be partitioned using n-hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The antiradical activities of pumpkin leave extract and fractions were determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhidrazyl) method. Ethyl acetate fraction obtained higher antiradical activities (IC50 6.737±0.196 µg/mL). Correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents to inhibit DPPH radical showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents on pumpkin leaves could be inhibited DPPH radical R2 = 0.8994 and R2 = 0.9061, respectively. Extracts and fraction pumpkin leaves show strong antiradical activity with DPPH methods, so their potential as antiradical can developed and can be used as a functional food.

To develop novel and more potent quinazoline–phosphoramidate mustard conjugates as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship [comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA)] combined with molecular docking were performed. A series of 13 compounds in the training set gave q2 values of 0.577 and 0.537, as well as r2 values of 0.926 and 0.921 for CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. The contour maps that were produced by the CoMFA and CoMSIA models revealed that steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic fields were crucial in the inhibitory activity of quinazoline–phosphoramidate derivatives. Based on the CoMFA and CoMSIA models, several novel EGFR inhibitors were designed, which established crucial interactions at the ligand binding domain of EGFR. Nearly, 100 ns MD simulation indicated the stability of the designed compounds at 100 ns, while molecular mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann surface area calculation showed that the designed compound had a higher affinity than that of the parent compound.

Moringa oleifera is a plant that is empirically widely used as a medicine to treat hyperglycemia, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, gastric ulcer, skin disease, fever, fatigue, hysteria, thrush, bladder, and bronchitis. Moringa oleifera contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and levels of phenolic and flavonoids in the extracts and fractions of moringa pulp and seeds. The pulp and seeds of Moringa were extracted using the maceration method and fractionated using the liquid-liquid extraction method. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Meanwhile, the flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl3 colorimetric method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The ethyl acetate fraction of moringa pulp and seeds had the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 5.97 µg/mL and 5.08 µg/mL, respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction also has high phenolic and flavonoid content in the pulp and seeds of moringa with a phenolic content of 43.956 mg GAE/g sample for pulp and 9.429 mg GAE/g sample for moringa seeds. The flavonoid content of 94.257 mg QE/g sample for pulp and 93.719 mg QE/g sample, with the highest correlation between phenolic compounds and flavonoids on antioxidant activity, was obtained in moringa pulp with the highest correlation (R2 = 0.6514) for phenolic and R 2 = 0.7531) for flavonoids. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of moringa pulp and seeds can be further developed as an antioxidant and functional food.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) is a plant from the Moraceae family that is widespread in Indonesia. Empirically, jackfruit can be used to cure hypertension, diabetes, cancer, asthma, dermatosis, coughs, wounds, acne, and diarrhea. The bioactive compounds in jackfruit include phenolics and flavonoids, which function as natural antioxidants. This research investigated the antiradical activity of jackfruit seed extracts and fractions using DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and examined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents which may be developed as functional medicines and foods. The jackfruit seed powder was extracted using the maceration method. Radical scavenging activities were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Total phenolic contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Meanwhile, the contents of flavonoids were determined using the aluminum chloride complex colorimetric method. The IC50 value of ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, n -hexane fraction, and water fraction was 5.435±0.064 µg/mL, 5.639±0.302 µg/mL, 7.201±0.475 µg/mL, and 9.134±0.2911 µg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction were 49.597±1.589, 47.949±1.966, 41.214±4.354 and 35.504±0.913 g GAE/100 g of sample, respectively for phenolic, and 70.199±0.458, 65.228±0.615, 59.907±0.719, and 54.234±0.351 g of quercetin equivalent/100 g of sample, respectively of flavonoids, with a correlation value (R2 ) to antiradical power of 0.4582 for phenolic and 0.5281 for flavonoids. The ethyl acetate fraction of jackfruit seeds can be further developed as an anti -radicals and functional food.