Considerable data are available regarding the molecular genetics of the tobacco mosaic virus. The disease caused by the tobacco mosaic virus is still out of control due to the lack of an efficient functional antagonist chemical molecule. Extensive research was carried out to try to find effective new anti-tobacco mosaic virus agents, however no study could find an effective agent which could completely inhibit the disease caused by the virus. In recent years, molecular docking, combined with molecular dynamics, which is considered to be one of the most important methods of drug discovery and design, were used to evaluate the type of binding between the ligand and its protein enzyme. The aim of the current work was to assess the in silico anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity for a selection of 41 new and 2 reference standard compounds. These compounds were chosen to examine their reactivity and binding efficiency with the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (PDB ID: 2OM3). A comparison was made between the activity of the selected compounds and that for ningnanmycin and ribavirin, which are common inhibitors of plant viruses. The simulation results obtained from the molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that two compounds of the antofine analogues could bind with the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein receptor better than ningnanmycin and ribavirin.

Ten isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (causal agent of Wheat seed decay and seedling damping off diseases) were isolated and identified from the root, soil, and crown of wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Qurna and Al-Madina areas of Basrah province، four isolates were obtained from the root zone, three from the crown region, and three from the soil. The isolates exhibited notable morphological and microscopic variation, particularly regarding the number of nuclei, which ranged from 2 to 6.5 per cell, and differing growth rates. The microscopic characteristics analyzed included: hyphal diameter, sclerotia diameter, and Moniloid cell diameter for some isolates, along with the proximity of hyphal septa to constrictions, and the nuclear count. All these factors are crucial in identifying pathogenic isolates. As for the macroscopic characteristics evaluated, these encompassed the color of fungal colonies, their diameter after 72 hours of growth, and the nature of fungal hyphal growth. It was found that multinucleate isolates such as (R2, R3, R4) were more pathogenic and cause a decrease in wheat seed germination rate to 60.00%, compared to control treatment which was 95%. Whereas, the binucleate isolates such as (R6, R7, R8) allowed germination rates exceeding 90% without any significant differences than control. The inhibition efficiency of the fungicide "Topsin-M" (active ingredient: Thiophanate-methyl) against the pathogenic R. solani showed that the highest concentration (2 g/L) inhibited fungal growth by 67.73%, while the lowest concentration (0.5 g/L) resulted in 30.75% inhibition on cultural medium (PDA), with a strong significant correlation between concentration and inhibition rate (correlation coefficient r = 0.98), and an IC₅₀ value of 1.58 g/L. The molecular diagnosis of the pathogenic isolate confirmed 99.403% similarity with R. solani isolates registered in the global GenBank database, under the accession number of PV419663.1.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a destructive insect pest that infects many plants. Finding solutions to reduce the damage associated with whiteflies and their widespread use is of great interest. Therefore, the current research aims to synthesize four polyesters containing a curcumin ring system and investigate their effects against B. tabaci. The synthesized polyesters killed whitefly eggs and their nymphs. Polyester containing a methoxy group (P3) showed the best performance (80.3%) toward the mortality of insect eggs among all the tested polymers. Polyester containing a 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde moiety (P2) showed the lowest mortality efficiency (50.9%) against whitefly eggs after 72 h of treatment. The effect of polyester concentration on the mortality of insect nymphs varied during the treatment period. The mortality rate of nymphs after P3 treatment was the highest (78.0%), whereas that after P2 treatment was the lowest (46.9%). The polyester type, concentration, and treatment duration significantly affected the insect nymph mortality rate. Polyester containing a methoxy group for 72 h resulted in the highest mortality rate (90.0%) against whitefly nymphs.