Catalyst deactivation is a major hurdle in heterogeneous catalysis that requires robust regeneration strategies to restore performance, extend catalyst lifetime and improve sustainability in various industrial processes.

One of the most pressing problems worldwide is inadequate access to potable water. Many technologies have been applied to address this through research to find robust but inexpensive methods of desalination that offer high fluxes and use less energy, while reducing chemical use and environmental impact. Membrane desalination technology is universally considered to solve water shortage problems due to its high efficiency and lower energy consumption than distillation methods. This review focuses on the desalination performance of membrane technologies with consideration of the effect of driving force, potential technologies, membrane types, flux, energy consumption and operating temperature, etc. Pressure driven membrane processes (MF, UF, NF, RO), and their fouling propensity and major drawbacks are discussed briefly. Membrane characteristics and the effects of operating conditions on desalination are also covered. Organic-hybrid and inorganic membrane materials can offer advantages, with high flux, good selectivity, and useful chemical and thermal resistance.

In the last few decades, excessive greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere have led to significant climate change. Many approaches to reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions into the atmosphere have been developed, with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) techniques being identified as promising. Flue gas emissions that produce CO₂ are currently being captured, sequestered, and used on a global scale. These techniques offer a viable way to encourage sustainability for the benefit of future generations. Finding ways to utilize flue gas emissions has received less attention from researchers in the past than CO₂ capture and storage. Several problems also need to be resolved in the field of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology, including those relating to cost, storage capacity, and reservoir durability. Also covered in this research is the current carbon capture and sequestration technology. This study proposes a sustainable approach combining CCS and methane production with CO₂ as a feedstock, making CCS technology more practicable. By generating renewable energy, this approach provides several benefits, including the reduction of CO₂ emissions and increased energy security. The conversion of CO₂ into methane is a recommended practice because of the many benefits of methane, which make it potentially useful for reducing pollution and promoting sustainability.