High-resolution synchrotron-radiation photoemission studies of molecular ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ condensed on GaAs(110) at 20 K show that oxidation is a consequence of photon irradiation. Core-level results for 2 L ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ [1 langmuir (L)==${10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$ Torr sec] demonstrate that the topmost layer of As atoms is initially involved in a sequential, two-step reaction to produce ${\mathrm{As}}^{1+}$- and ${\mathrm{As}}^{3+}$-like oxides. These reactions are mediated by secondary electron capture by ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ which then dissociates to form surface oxides. ${\mathrm{As}}^{5+}$-like bonding configurations are formed when additional ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ is condensed on the surface and exposed to photon irradiation. ${\mathrm{O}}_2$-GaAs interface reactions slow as transport through the thickening oxides is impeded, and photon-induced desorption of oxygen becomes significant. Studies of Fermi-level movement into the gap as a function of ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ exposure suggest that oxidation at 20 K produces acceptorlike states. Fermi-level evolution for n-type GaAs is strongly dependent on dopant concentration, ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ dose, and light exposure, indicating band flattening for lightly doped samples due to surface photovoltage effects. These effects are not significant for p-type GaAs at 20 K, consistent with the formation of acceptorlike states. Together, these results show a complex dependence of surface chemistry on photon irradiation, but remarkably little dependence of the surface Fermi-level position on the reactions.

Interrelationships between urban and rural areas are fundamental for the development and safeguarding of viable future living conditions and quality of life. These areas are not well-delineated or self-sufficient, and existing interrelations may privilege one over the other. Major urban challenges facing China and Europe are related to changes in climate, environment, and to decision-making that makes urban and rural landscapes more susceptible to environmental pressures. Focusing on the six European and Chinese cities and surrounding rural areas, under study in the joint EC and MOST-funded REGREEN project, we examine how nature-based solutions (NBS) may assist in counteracting these pressures. We explore urban-rural dependencies and partnerships regarding NBS that can enhance resilience in Europe and China. We analyse differences between European and Chinese systems of governance, reflecting on the significance of the scale of research needed to understand how NBS provide benefits. We highlight interactions between differently delineated sheds (watershed, airshed, natureshed, and peopleshed), which influence the interrelationships between urban and rural areas. There may be one-way or two-way interdependence, and the impact may be uni or multi-directional. The European and Chinese solutions, exemplified in this article, tackle the nexus of environmental and peoplesheds. We discuss complex human interactions (and how to model them) that may, or may not, lead to viable and equitable partnerships for implementing NBS in cities within Europe and in China.

Studies of ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ interaction with GaAs(110) at 20 K show dynamic conversion of multilayers of physisorbed ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ into ${\mathrm{As}}_2$ ${\mathrm{O}}_3$-like oxides due to the synchrotron radiation beam used to acquire photoemission data (hυ=90 eV, photon flux ∼2×${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{-}2}$ ${\sec }^{\mathrm{-}1}$). A lower coordination of As and O is observed and is the precursor to ${\mathrm{As}}_2$ ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ at the GaAs surface. ${\mathrm{As}}_2$ ${\mathrm{O}}_5$-like bonding configurations are also produced when the amount of condensed ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ is increased but this ${\mathrm{As}}_2$ ${\mathrm{O}}_5$ is metastable with respect to high-energy photon irradiation. These low-temperature results show the interplay between photoinduced surface chemistry and kinetic constraints on oxygen diffusion over very short distances.

While much theoretical work on value takes point of departure in what adults presumably value, this chapter addresses the valuing work children do. Articulating ideals of ‘being social’ and ‘being oneself’ as good forms of personhood, Danish teachers oblige children to enact a good form of ‘being together as a class’, a sociability considered vital to democratic society. Drawing on discussions of value exemplarity, I suggest that Danish school classes may be viewed from an adult perspective as exemplars representing, and to some extent realising, a high-sung value of egalitarian community. For children tasked with living out an idealised social form, the class is a limited social field, one they ‘value’ through myriad small valuing acts lodged in the sociable give and take of everyday class activity. The verb form is crucial here for exploring, not how children take on adult values, but rather what comes to matter to children as they, inescapably themselves, navigate the ‘class’ as an imposed social field and highly valued form of sociability.

People-environment interactions within nature-based solutions (NBS) are not always understood. This has implications for communicating the benefits of NBS and for how we plan cities. We present a framework that highlights a duality in NBS. The NBS as an asset includes both natural capital and human-centred capital, including organisational structures. NBS also exist as a system within which people are able to interact. Temporal and spatial scales moderate the benefits that NBS provide, which in turn are dependent on the scale at which social processes operate. Co-production and equity are central to the interactions among people and institutions in the design, use and management of NBS, and this requires clear communication. Drawing on ideas from culture-based development (CBD), we suggest an approach to communicate the benefits of NBS in a neutral but effective way. We propose guidelines for planning NBS that allow the optimisation of NBS locations and designs for particular outcomes.

Denne artikel undersøger relationer mellem rensdyr og de mennesker, der lever med og af dem, med fokus på ren-pastoralismei Sápmi. På samisk kaldes en renflok for eallu. Betegnelsen udledes af samme rod som eallin (liv) og eallit (at leve). Artiklen udforsker ren-samernes liv (eallin) med renerne (eallu) og de mange indbyrdes afhængige relationer, dette liv fordrer mellem familier, generationer, landskaber, dyr, vejr, årstider, naboflokke, forfædre og en åndelig verden. Der argumenteres for, at renhyrdernes kontinuerlige forhandlinger med semidomesticerede rener med deres egen vilje kan forstås som en form for udvidet socialitet (Remme & Sillander, 2017), der er konstituerende for mennesker, dyr og landskaber. Der argumenteres også for, at det symbiotiske partnerskab, som udvikledes mellem mennesker og rener gennem flere århundreder, kan begribes med Sahlins (2011) forståelse af forbundethed som en gensidig væren mellem dem – her mennesker og dyr – der deltager i hinandens eksistens. Artiklen kommer også ind på de etiske og æstetiske dimensioner of denne gensidige væren.