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In this review, an analysis focusing on mycotoxin determination in infant breast milk and infant food has been summarised for the last fifteen years of research focused on the intended population group of 1–9 months. The objective was to know the level of exposure of the child population to an estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from the consumption of habitual foods. The EDI was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA to estimate risk. In breast milk, the high prevalence and levels were for samples from Africa (Egypt and Tanzania) with aflatoxin M1 (1.9 μg/L and 10%), and Asia (Iran) with ochratoxin-A (7.3 μg/L and 100%). In infant formulas, high incidences and values were for samples with aflatoxin M1 from Burkina Faso (167 samples, 84%, 87 μg/kg). In cereal products, the highest incidence was for DON from the United States (96 samples), and the highest value was an Italian sample (0.83 μg/kg of enniatin B). In fruit products, patulin was the most detected in Italian (78) and Spanish (24) samples. The highest risk was observed in breast milk during the first month of age, the highest EDI for aflatoxin M1 was reported for Egypt (344–595 ng/kg bw/day) and ochratoxin-A for Iran (97–167ng/kg bw/day), representing a public health problem.
Marta Hernández; Ana Juan-García; Juan Moltó; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins 2021, 13, 535 .
AMA StyleMarta Hernández, Ana Juan-García, Juan Moltó, Jordi Mañes, Cristina Juan. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):535.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Hernández; Ana Juan-García; Juan Moltó; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. 2021. "Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data." Toxins 13, no. 8: 535.
Red Delicious apple pomace was produced at laboratory scale with a domestic blender and different non-conventional extraction techniques were performed to isolate phenolic compounds, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), ultraturrax extraction (UTE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction pre-treatment. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Phloridzin, the main phenolic compound in apples, was determined by chromatographic analysis Q-TOF-LC/MS. The results obtained with these techniques were compared in order to identify the most efficient method to recover polyphenols. The highest value of TPC (1062.92 ± 59.80 µg GAE/g fresh apple pomace) was obtained when UAE was performed with EtOH:H2O (50:50, v/v), while ASE with EtOH:H2O (30:70, v/v) at 40 °C and 50% of flush was the most efficient technique in the recovery of phloridzin. The concentration of the main phenolic compounds ranged from 385.84 to 650.56 µg/g fresh apple pomace. The obtained results confirm that apple pomace represents an interesti-ng by-product, due to the presence of phenolic compounds. In particular, phloridzin could be considered a biomarker to determine the quality of numerous apple products. Therefore, this research could be a good starting point to develop a value-added product such as a functional food or nutraceutical.
Luna Pollini; Lina Cossignani; Cristina Juan; Jordi Mañes. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Fresh Apple Pomace by Different Non-Conventional Techniques. Molecules 2021, 26, 4272 .
AMA StyleLuna Pollini, Lina Cossignani, Cristina Juan, Jordi Mañes. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Fresh Apple Pomace by Different Non-Conventional Techniques. Molecules. 2021; 26 (14):4272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuna Pollini; Lina Cossignani; Cristina Juan; Jordi Mañes. 2021. "Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Fresh Apple Pomace by Different Non-Conventional Techniques." Molecules 26, no. 14: 4272.
Cell cycle progression and programmed cell death are imposed by pathological stimuli of extrinsic or intrinsic including the exposure to neurotoxins, oxidative stress and DNA damage. All can cause abrupt or delayed cell death, inactivate normal cell survival or cell death networks. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the neuronal cell death are unresolved. One of the cell deaths triggers which have been wildly studied, correspond to mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which have been demonstrated cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity through impairing cell proliferation, gene expression and induction of oxidative stress. The aim of present study was to analyze the cell cycle progression and cell death pathway by flow cytometry in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells exposed to α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) and beauvericin (BEA) over 24 h and 48 h individually and combined at the following concentration ranges: from 1.56 to 12.5 μM for α-ZEL and β-ZEL, from 0.39 to 2.5 μM for BEA, from 1.87 to 25 μM for binary combinations and from 3.43 to 27.5 μM for tertiary combination. Alterations in cell cycle were observed remarkably for β-ZEL at the highest concentration in all treatments where engaged (β-ZEL, β-ZEL + BEA and β-ZEL + α-ZEL), for both 24 h and 48 h. by activating the cell proliferation in G0/G1 phase (up to 43.6 %) and causing delays or arrests in S and G2/M phases (up to 19.6 %). Tertiary mixtures revealed increases of cell proliferation in subG0 phase by 4-folds versus control. Similarly, for cell death among individual treatments β-ZEL showed a significant growth in early apoptotic cells population at the highest concentration assayed as well as for all combination treatments where β-ZEL was involved, in both early apoptotic and apoptotic/necrotic cell death pathways.
Fojan Agahi; Cristina Juan; Guillermina Font; Ana Juan-García. Neurotoxicity of zearalenone’s metabolites and beauvericin mycotoxins via apoptosis and cell cycle disruption. Toxicology 2021, 456, 152784 .
AMA StyleFojan Agahi, Cristina Juan, Guillermina Font, Ana Juan-García. Neurotoxicity of zearalenone’s metabolites and beauvericin mycotoxins via apoptosis and cell cycle disruption. Toxicology. 2021; 456 ():152784.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFojan Agahi; Cristina Juan; Guillermina Font; Ana Juan-García. 2021. "Neurotoxicity of zearalenone’s metabolites and beauvericin mycotoxins via apoptosis and cell cycle disruption." Toxicology 456, no. : 152784.
The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations)
Cristina Juan García. Mycotoxins: Toxicology, Identification and Control. Toxins 2021, 13, 242 .
AMA StyleCristina Juan García. Mycotoxins: Toxicology, Identification and Control. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Juan García. 2021. "Mycotoxins: Toxicology, Identification and Control." Toxins 13, no. 4: 242.
Cytoprotection effects of Allium sativum L garlic extract from a local garlic ecotype from Ferrara (Italy) on hepatocarcinoma cells, HepG2 cells, is presented in this study. This garlic type is known as Voghiera garlic and has been characterized as PDO (Protected designation of Origin) product. Voghiera garlic extract (VGE) was evaluated against beauvericin (BEA) and two zearalenone (ZEA) metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL))-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells by the MTT (3–4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, over 24 h and 48 h. Direct treatment, simultaneous treatment and pre-treatment strategies at the dilution 1:16–1:00 for VGE and at the concentration range from 0.08 to 2.5 μM for BEA and from 1.6 to 50 μM for both α-ZEL and β-ZEL were tested. Individual IC50 values were detected at all times assayed for BEA (>0.75 μM) and VGE (dilution upper 1:8) while this was not observed for ZEA's metabolites. When simultaneous strategy of VGE + mycotoxin was tested, cytoprotection with increases of viability (upper 50%) were observed. Lastly, in pre-treatment strategy with VGE, viability of HepG2 cells was significantly protected when α-ZEL was tested. As a result, the greatest cytoprotective effect of VGE in HepG2 cells is obtained when simultaneous treatment strategy was performed.
Ana Juan-García; Fojan Agahi; Maria Drakonaki; Paola Tedeschi; Guillermina Font; Cristina Juan. Cytoprotection assessment against mycotoxins on HepG2 cells by extracts from Allium sativum L. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2021, 151, 112129 .
AMA StyleAna Juan-García, Fojan Agahi, Maria Drakonaki, Paola Tedeschi, Guillermina Font, Cristina Juan. Cytoprotection assessment against mycotoxins on HepG2 cells by extracts from Allium sativum L. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 151 ():112129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Juan-García; Fojan Agahi; Maria Drakonaki; Paola Tedeschi; Guillermina Font; Cristina Juan. 2021. "Cytoprotection assessment against mycotoxins on HepG2 cells by extracts from Allium sativum L." Food and Chemical Toxicology 151, no. : 112129.
Coffee silverskin and spent coffee have been evaluated in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) against beauvericin (BEA) and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL)-induced cytotoxicity with different strategies of treatment. First, the direct treatment of mycotoxins and coffee by-products extracts in SH-SY5Y cells was assayed. IC50 values for α-ZEL were 20.8 and 14.0 µM for 48 h and 72 h, respectively and, for BEA only at 72 h, it was 2.5 µM. Afterwards, the pre-treatment with spent coffee obtained by boiling water increased cell viability for α-ZEL at 24 h and 48 h from 10% to 16% and from 25% to 30%, respectively; while with silverskin coffee, a decrease was observed. Opposite effects were observed for BEA where an increase for silverskin coffee was observed at 24 h and 48 h, from 14% to 23% and from 25% to 44%, respectively; however, a decrease below 50% was observed for spent coffee. Finally, the simultaneous treatment strategy for the highest concentration assayed in SH-SY5Y cells provided higher cytoprotection for α-ZEL (from 44% to 56% for 24 h and 48 h, respectively) than BEA (30% for 24 h and 48 h). Considering the high viability of coffee silverskin extracts for SH-SY5Y cells, there is a forthcoming promising use of these unexploited residues in the near future against mycotoxins effects.
Ana Juan-García; Giovanni Caprioli; Gianni Sagratini; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. Coffee Silverskin and Spent Coffee Suitable as Neuroprotectors against Cell Death by Beauvericin and α-Zearalenol: Evaluating Strategies of Treatment. Toxins 2021, 13, 132 .
AMA StyleAna Juan-García, Giovanni Caprioli, Gianni Sagratini, Jordi Mañes, Cristina Juan. Coffee Silverskin and Spent Coffee Suitable as Neuroprotectors against Cell Death by Beauvericin and α-Zearalenol: Evaluating Strategies of Treatment. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Juan-García; Giovanni Caprioli; Gianni Sagratini; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. 2021. "Coffee Silverskin and Spent Coffee Suitable as Neuroprotectors against Cell Death by Beauvericin and α-Zearalenol: Evaluating Strategies of Treatment." Toxins 13, no. 2: 132.
Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.
Aicha Jai; Abdellah Zinedine; Ana Juan-García; Jordi Mañes; Samira Etahiri; Cristina García. Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins 2021, 13, 125 .
AMA StyleAicha Jai, Abdellah Zinedine, Ana Juan-García, Jordi Mañes, Samira Etahiri, Cristina García. Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):125.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAicha Jai; Abdellah Zinedine; Ana Juan-García; Jordi Mañes; Samira Etahiri; Cristina García. 2021. "Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population." Toxins 13, no. 2: 125.
Green tea infusion is one of the most widely drunk beverages worldwide due to its health benefits associated with microelements, essential oils, and polyphenols, etc. Several studies have reported that green tea is subjected to contamination by various toxigenic fungi. Thus, this work aims to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins [four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2 and HT-2 toxins] in green tea samples available in Morocco by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Analytical and consumption data were then used to assess the dietary exposure for the population. Out of 111 total green tea samples, 62 (56%) were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin. The most found mycotoxins in samples were AOH (40%), ZEN (35%), AFG1 (2%), AFB2 (2%), ENB (2%) and TENT (1%). The highest level was found for ZEN with 45.8 ng/g. There is no sample that exceeded the recommended levels set by European Pharmacopoeia for certain mycotoxins in plant material. Although multi-mycotoxin co-occurred in samples (33%), the probable estimated daily intake values show that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of green tea does not represent a risk for the population.
Aicha El Jai; Cristina Juan; Ana Juan-García; Jordi Mañes; Abdellah Zinedine. Multi-mycotoxin contamination of green tea infusion and dietary exposure assessment in Moroccan population. Food Research International 2020, 140, 109958 .
AMA StyleAicha El Jai, Cristina Juan, Ana Juan-García, Jordi Mañes, Abdellah Zinedine. Multi-mycotoxin contamination of green tea infusion and dietary exposure assessment in Moroccan population. Food Research International. 2020; 140 ():109958.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAicha El Jai; Cristina Juan; Ana Juan-García; Jordi Mañes; Abdellah Zinedine. 2020. "Multi-mycotoxin contamination of green tea infusion and dietary exposure assessment in Moroccan population." Food Research International 140, no. : 109958.
Nowadays, bioactive compounds from vegetable food and waste are of great interest for their inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes. In the present study, the inhibitory activity of methanolic extract from Lycium barbarum leaves on porcine pancreas α-amylase has been studied. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the constituent phenolic acids was also investigated. The leaves were extracted by ultrasound-assisted method, one of the most efficient techniques for bioactive extraction from plant materials, and then the phenolic acids were identified by Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). Chlorogenic and salicylic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids in L. barbarum leaf extract. The inhibitory effect against α-amylase, determined for individual compounds by in vitro assay, was higher for chlorogenic, salicylic, and caffeic acids. L. barbarum leaf extract showed an appreciable α-amylase inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner. Docking studies of the considered phenolic acids into the active site of α-amylase suggested a conserved binding mode that is mainly stabilized through H-bonds and π-π stacking interactions.
Luna Pollini; Alessandra Riccio; Cristina Juan; Carmela Tringaniello; Federica Ianni; Francesca Blasi; Jordi Mañes; Antonio Macchiarulo; Lina Cossignani. Phenolic Acids from Lycium barbarum leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Inhibitory Activity Against Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase. Processes 2020, 8, 1388 .
AMA StyleLuna Pollini, Alessandra Riccio, Cristina Juan, Carmela Tringaniello, Federica Ianni, Francesca Blasi, Jordi Mañes, Antonio Macchiarulo, Lina Cossignani. Phenolic Acids from Lycium barbarum leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Inhibitory Activity Against Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuna Pollini; Alessandra Riccio; Cristina Juan; Carmela Tringaniello; Federica Ianni; Francesca Blasi; Jordi Mañes; Antonio Macchiarulo; Lina Cossignani. 2020. "Phenolic Acids from Lycium barbarum leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Inhibitory Activity Against Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase." Processes 8, no. 11: 1388.
In the present work, different natural compounds from coffee by-product extracts (coffee silverskin and spent coffee) rich in polyphenols, was investigated against beauvericin (BEA) induced-cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cells. Spent coffee arise as waste products through the production of instant coffee and coffee brewing; while the silverskin is a tegument which is removed and eliminated with toasting coffee grains. First of all, polyphenol extraction methods, measurement of total polyphenols content and its identification were carried out. Afterwards evaluating in vitro effects with MTT assay on SH-SY5Y cells of coffee by-product extracts and mycotoxins at different concentrations and exposure times was performed. TPC in silverskin coffee by-product extracts was >10 times higher than in spent coffee by-product extracts. Chlorogenic acid was the majority polyphenol detected. Viability for BEA reached IC50 values at 72h (2.5 μM); boiling water silverskin coffee extract reached the highest viability also in pre-treatment BEA exposure and compared with MeOH and MeOH:H2O (v/v, 50:50) extracts. These results in SH-SY5Y cells highlight the use of such residues as supplements or bioactive compounds in the future.
Cristina Juan; Gaia de Simone; Gianni Sagratini; Giovanni Caprioli; Jordi Mañes; Ana Juan-García. Reducing the effect of beauvericin on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line by natural products. Toxicon 2020, 188, 164 -171.
AMA StyleCristina Juan, Gaia de Simone, Gianni Sagratini, Giovanni Caprioli, Jordi Mañes, Ana Juan-García. Reducing the effect of beauvericin on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line by natural products. Toxicon. 2020; 188 ():164-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Juan; Gaia de Simone; Gianni Sagratini; Giovanni Caprioli; Jordi Mañes; Ana Juan-García. 2020. "Reducing the effect of beauvericin on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line by natural products." Toxicon 188, no. : 164-171.
Zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (ZEA's metabolites) are co/present in cereals, fruits or their products. All three with other compounds, constitute a cocktail-mixture that consumers (and also animals) are exposed and never entirely evaluated, nor in vitro nor in vivo. Effect of ZEA has been correlated to endocrine disruptor alterations as well as its metabolites (α-ZEL and β-ZEL); however, toxic effects associated to metabolites generated once ingested are unknown and difficult to study. The present study defines the metabolomics profile of all three mycotoxins (ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL) and explores the prediction of their toxic effects proposing an in silico workflow by using three programs of predictions: MetaTox, SwissADME and PASS online. Metabolomic profile was also defined and toxic effect evaluated for all metabolite products from Phase I and II reaction (a total of 15 compounds). Results revealed that products describing metabolomics profile were: from O-glucuronidation (1z and 2z for ZEA and 1 ab, 2 ab and 3 ab for ZEA's metabolites), S-sulfation (3z and 4z for ZEA and 4 ab, 5 ab and 6 ab for ZEA's metabolites) and hydrolysis (5z and 7 ab for ZEA's metabolites, respectively). Lipinsky's rule-of-five was followed by all compounds except those coming from O-glucuronidation (HBA>10). Metabolite products had better properties to reach blood brain barrier than initial mycotoxins. According to Pa values (probability of activation) order of toxic effects studied was carcinogenicity > nephrotoxic > hepatotoxic > endocrine disruptor > mutagenic (AMES TEST) > genotoxic. Prediction of inhibition, induction and substrate function on different isoforms of Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4) varied for each compounds analyzed; similarly, for activation of caspases 3 and 8. Relying to our findings, the metabolomics profile of ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL analyzed by in silico programs predicts alteration of systems/pathways/mechanisms that ends up causing several toxic effects, giving an excellent sight and direct studies before starting in vitro or in vivo assays contributing to 3Rs principle; however, confirmation can be only demonstrated by performing those assays.
Fojan Agahi; Cristina Juan; Guillermina Font; Ana Juan-García. In silico methods for metabolomic and toxicity prediction of zearalenone, α-zearalenone and β-zearalenone. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 146, 111818 -111818.
AMA StyleFojan Agahi, Cristina Juan, Guillermina Font, Ana Juan-García. In silico methods for metabolomic and toxicity prediction of zearalenone, α-zearalenone and β-zearalenone. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 146 ():111818-111818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFojan Agahi; Cristina Juan; Guillermina Font; Ana Juan-García. 2020. "In silico methods for metabolomic and toxicity prediction of zearalenone, α-zearalenone and β-zearalenone." Food and Chemical Toxicology 146, no. : 111818-111818.
Goji berry has recently been introduced in Mediterranean diet and its consumption is increasing. This study aims to determine cytoprotection of lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEAX) and goji berry extract (GBE) rich in carotenoids against Beauvericin (BEA)-induced cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Both carotenoids and GBE showed cytoprotective effects. Cytoprotection was evaluated by simultaneous combination of the two xanthophylls LUT and ZEAX with BEA, as well as using pre-treatment assays. The highest protective effect occurred in 16%, 24% and 12% respectively for LUT, ZEAX and LUT + ZEAX incubating simultaneously with BEA, while by pre-treatment assay LUT showed a cytoprotection effect over 30% and ZEAX alone or LUT + ZEAX promoted only a slight cytoprotection (<10%). Pre-treatment assays with GBE, showed a cytoprotection, between 3 and 20%, for BEA concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 6.25 μM, whereas no protective effect was observed when the cells were simultaneously incubated with GBE and BEA. Finally, by means of CI-isobologram method, the interaction between LUT, ZEAX and BEA were evaluated, and the results showed an synergism effect for almost all combinations tested. The data presented shows a option of using goji berries to potentially mitigate the toxicity of beauvericin eventually present in foods.
Domenico Montesano; Cristina Juan Garcia; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. Chemoprotective effect of carotenoids from Lycium barbarum L. on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with beauvericin. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 141, 111414 .
AMA StyleDomenico Montesano, Cristina Juan Garcia, Jordi Mañes, Cristina Juan. Chemoprotective effect of carotenoids from Lycium barbarum L. on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with beauvericin. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 141 ():111414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomenico Montesano; Cristina Juan Garcia; Jordi Mañes; Cristina Juan. 2020. "Chemoprotective effect of carotenoids from Lycium barbarum L. on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with beauvericin." Food and Chemical Toxicology 141, no. : 111414.
Twenty-two mycotoxins were investigated in bread and biscuits samples (n = 115) purchased from Tunisia. Deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENB), ENB1, and zearalenone (ZEA) occurred in the samples with ENB detected in all the samples. Whole bread was the most contaminated matrix showing the highest amounts of DON (25.2 ng/g), ENB (10.7 ng/g), and ENB1 (5.4 ng/g). However, biscuits showed a maximum level of ZEA (1.08 ng/g). Co-occurrence were also evaluated, 65% of biscuit samples were contaminated by three mycotoxins simultaneously (DON + ENB + ENB1) and the most frequent combination (DON + ENB) co-occurred in 83% of the white bread samples and 78% of the whole bread samples. DON dietary exposure was estimated to be 15.2 and 11 ng/kg bw/day for bread and biscuits, respectively for adults. While for children, 38.7 and 81 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. However, no real health risk was found, and children are having up to 12% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of DON and adults up to 2.6% of the DON TDI through the consumption of both cereal products.
S. Oueslati; H. Berrada; Ana Juan-Garcia; J. Mañes; Cristina Juan. Multiple Mycotoxin Determination on Tunisian Cereals-Based Food and Evaluation of the Population Exposure. Food Analytical Methods 2020, 13, 1271 -1281.
AMA StyleS. Oueslati, H. Berrada, Ana Juan-Garcia, J. Mañes, Cristina Juan. Multiple Mycotoxin Determination on Tunisian Cereals-Based Food and Evaluation of the Population Exposure. Food Analytical Methods. 2020; 13 (6):1271-1281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Oueslati; H. Berrada; Ana Juan-Garcia; J. Mañes; Cristina Juan. 2020. "Multiple Mycotoxin Determination on Tunisian Cereals-Based Food and Evaluation of the Population Exposure." Food Analytical Methods 13, no. 6: 1271-1281.
Beauvericin (BEA) and zearalenone derivatives, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are produced by several Fusarium species. Considering the impact of various mycotoxins on human’s health, this study determined and evaluated the cytotoxic effect of individual, binary, and tertiary mycotoxin treatments consisting of α-ZEL, β-ZEL, and BEA at different concentrations over 24, 48, and 72 h on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, by using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazoliumbromide). Subsequently, the isobologram method was applied to elucidate if the mixtures produced synergism, antagonism, or additive effects. Ultimately, we determined the amount of mycotoxin recovered from the media after treatment using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–qTOF-MS). The IC50 values detected at all assayed times ranged from 95 to 0.2 μM for the individual treatments. The result indicated that β-ZEL was the most cytotoxic mycotoxin when tested individually. The major effect detected for all combinations assayed was synergism. Among the combinations assayed, α-ZEL + β-ZEL + BEA and α-ZEL + BEA presented the highest cytotoxic potential with respect to the IC value. In individual treatment, α-ZEL was the most recovered mycotoxin; while, this was observed for BEA in binary combination α-ZEL + BEA.
Fojan Agahi; Guillermina Font; Cristina Juan; Ana Juan-García. Individual and Combined Effect of Zearalenone Derivates and Beauvericin Mycotoxins on SH-SY5Y Cells. Toxins 2020, 12, 212 .
AMA StyleFojan Agahi, Guillermina Font, Cristina Juan, Ana Juan-García. Individual and Combined Effect of Zearalenone Derivates and Beauvericin Mycotoxins on SH-SY5Y Cells. Toxins. 2020; 12 (4):212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFojan Agahi; Guillermina Font; Cristina Juan; Ana Juan-García. 2020. "Individual and Combined Effect of Zearalenone Derivates and Beauvericin Mycotoxins on SH-SY5Y Cells." Toxins 12, no. 4: 212.
Mycotoxins are produced by a number of fungal genera spp., for example, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps. Beauvericin (BEA) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are present in various cereal crops and processed grains. This goal of this study was to determine their combination effect in HepG2 cells, presented for the first time. In this study, the type of interaction among BEA and OTA through an isobologram method, cell cycle disturbance by flow cytometry, and genotoxic potential by in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay following the TG 487 (OECD, 2016) of BEA and OTA individually and combined in HepG2 cells are presented. Cytotoxic concentration ranges studied by the MTT assay over 24, 48, and 72 h were from 0 to 25 µM for BEA and from 0 to 100 µM for OTA, while BEA + OTA combinations were at a 1:10 ratio from 3.4 to 27.5 µM. The toxicity observed for BEA was higher than for OTA at all times assayed; additive and synergistic effects were detected for their mixtures. Cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was detected for OTA and BEA + OTA treatments in HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity revealed significant effects for BEA, OTA, and in combinations underlining the importance of studying real exposure scenarios of chronic exposure to mycotoxins.
Ana Juan-García; Josefa Tolosa; Cristina Juan; María-José Ruiz. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins 2019, 11, 341 .
AMA StyleAna Juan-García, Josefa Tolosa, Cristina Juan, María-José Ruiz. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Juan-García; Josefa Tolosa; Cristina Juan; María-José Ruiz. 2019. "Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions." Toxins 11, no. 6: 341.
To evaluate the influence of weather conditions on mycotoxin presence in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO) and zearalenone (ZEN) were evaluated in 102 Romanian wheat samples coming from five wheat growing areas during 2015. Only six mycotoxins were detected, while FUS-X, DAS, NEO and NIV were not present in the wheat samples. Mycotoxin concentrations were correlated with precipitation and temperature values during anthesis and the preharvest period. Overall, the highest frequency was registered for DON, while the lowest frequency was registered for NIV. In the North Muntenia, DON and ZEN registered high frequencies (68% and 16%, respectively). This region was characterized in June and July by medium to high values of rainfall (41–100 mm/month) and normal temperatures (mean of 20.0 °C in June and 24.0 °C in July), suggesting that precipitation levels influence fungi and mycotoxin development to a greater extent compared to the influence of temperature.
Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Houda Berrada; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins 2019, 11, 163 .
AMA StyleOana Stanciu, Cristina Juan, Houda Berrada, Doina Miere, Felicia Loghin, Jordi Mañes. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Houda Berrada; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. 2019. "Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions." Toxins 11, no. 3: 163.
The fate of deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α- and β-zearalenol and fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2) through mashing and wort boiling was studied. Three different mycotoxin contamination scenarios were considered. In almost all samples an increase in the level of mycotoxins in wort was observed during mashing followed by a decrease after just 30 min of the process, with levels remaining constant until the end of boiling. Deoxynivalenol and its metabolites were reduced to their initial level contained in the malt before mashing, or even lower, however in none of the samples they were completely eliminated. Zearalenone was not quantitated at the end of boiling, although there was a significant initial level of ZEN. β-Zearalenol remained unaltered during the process. Fumonisins were reduced by between 50 and 100 per cent during mashing and boiling.
Xenia Pascari; Yelko Rodriguez-Carrasco; Cristina Juan; Jordi Mañes; Sonia Marin; Antonio J. Ramos; Vicente Sanchis. Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins from malt to boiled wort. Food Chemistry 2018, 278, 700 -710.
AMA StyleXenia Pascari, Yelko Rodriguez-Carrasco, Cristina Juan, Jordi Mañes, Sonia Marin, Antonio J. Ramos, Vicente Sanchis. Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins from malt to boiled wort. Food Chemistry. 2018; 278 ():700-710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXenia Pascari; Yelko Rodriguez-Carrasco; Cristina Juan; Jordi Mañes; Sonia Marin; Antonio J. Ramos; Vicente Sanchis. 2018. "Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins from malt to boiled wort." Food Chemistry 278, no. : 700-710.
In this study, a dietary exposure assessment of mycotoxins was conducted for the Romanian population using the contamination data of a various categories of wheat-based products for direct human consumption. Wheat-based foods (n = 181) commercialized in Romania, including flour, bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and pasta, were evaluated by GC-QqQ-MS/MS for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X, nivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and zearalenone (ZEA). DON and 15AcDON were detected in 63 and 5% of all the analyzed samples, whereas 13-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, NIV and ZEA were not detected. Exposure of Romanian adult population was assessed, the EDIs for the sum of DON+3AcDON+15AcDON were 669 ng kg−1 bw day−1 at low-bound estimation, and 690 ng kg−1 bw day−1 at upper-bound estimation, being lower than the TDI set (1000 ng kg−1 bw day−1).
Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Houda Berrada; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 121, 336 -342.
AMA StyleOana Stanciu, Cristina Juan, Doina Miere, Houda Berrada, Felicia Loghin, Jordi Mañes. First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 121 ():336-342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Houda Berrada; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. 2018. "First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption." Food and Chemical Toxicology 121, no. : 336-342.
In this study, a total of 244 wheat and wheat-based products collected from Romania were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to evaluate the presence of four enniatins (ENs; i.e., ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and beauvericin (BEA). For the wheat samples, the influence of agricultural practices was assessed, whereas the results for the wheat-based products were used to calculate the estimated daily intake of emerging mycotoxins through wheat consumption for the Romanian population. ENB presented the highest incidence (41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products), with its maximum levels of 815 μg kg−1 and 170 μg kg−1 in wheat and wheat-based products, respectively. The correlation between the concentrations of ENB and ENB1 in wheat grain samples and farm practices (organic or conventional) was confirmed statistically (p < 0.05). This is the first study that provides comprehensive information about the influence of agricultural practice on emerging Fusarium mycotoxin presence in Romanian wheat samples and the estimated daily intake of ENs and BEA present in wheat-based products for human consumption commercialized in Romania.
Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption. Toxins 2017, 9, 189 .
AMA StyleOana Stanciu, Cristina Juan, Doina Miere, Felicia Loghin, Jordi Mañes. Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption. Toxins. 2017; 9 (6):189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. 2017. "Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption." Toxins 9, no. 6: 189.
A study on raw barley and derived products (barley soup and beers) was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-four mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was based on both SLE and QuEChERS extraction steps. 66% of analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination and only one sample, which was soup of barley (6 ng/g), exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for OTA (5 ng/g). Raw barley was the most contaminated matrix (62%), which concentrations ranged from 1.70 to 287.13 ng/g) and type of detected mycotoxins (DON, 15AcDON, NEO, NIV, HT2, FB1, OTA, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). DON was the most detected mycotoxin with an incidence of 56%, 29% and 23% in beer, soup of barley and barley, respectively. However, the highest levels detected were for ENA, in raw barley with 287 ng/g. In beer and soup of barley samples, the mycotoxins with highest level were 15AcDON (15.6 ng/g) and ENB1 (55.1 ng/g), respectively. Furthermore, 80% of positive soup of barley samples showed co-occurrence. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for consumers.
C. Juan; H. Berrada; J. Mañes; S. Oueslati. Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 103, 148 -156.
AMA StyleC. Juan, H. Berrada, J. Mañes, S. Oueslati. Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 103 ():148-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Juan; H. Berrada; J. Mañes; S. Oueslati. 2017. "Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake." Food and Chemical Toxicology 103, no. : 148-156.