A capacitive measurement of the biosignals is a very comfortable and unobtrusive way suitable for long-term and wearable monitoring of health conditions. This type of sensing is very susceptible to noise from the surroundings. One of the main noise sources is power-line noise, which acts as a common-mode voltage at the input terminals of the acquisition unit. The origin and methods of noise reduction are described on electric models. Two methods of noise removal are modeled and experimentally verified in the paper. The first method uses a passive capacitive grounding electrode, and the second uses an active capacitive Driven Right Leg (DRL) electrode. The effect of grounding electrode size on noise suppression is experimentally investigated. The increasing electrode area reduces power-line noise: the power of power-line frequency within the measured signal is 70.96 dB, 59.13 dB, and 43.44 dB for a grounding electrode area of 1650 cm², 3300 cm², and 4950 cm², respectively. The capacitive DRL electrode shows better efficiency in common-mode noise rejection than the grounding electrode. When using an electrode area of 1650 cm², the DRL achieved 46.3 dB better attenuation than the grounding electrode at power-line frequency. In contrast to the grounding electrode, the DRL electrode reduces a capacitive measurement system’s financial costs due to the smaller electrode area made of the costly conductive textile.

Metallic implants in radiotherapy patients alter dose distributions due to their high density and unique composition, potentially compromising treatment precision. This study evaluates the effects of three metallic materials, Co-Cr-Mo alloy, titanium alloy, and stainless steel, on dose distribution across four radiotherapy modalities: 6 MV photons, 15 MeV electrons, 170 MeV protons, and very-high-energy electrons (100 and 150 MeV). Monte Carlo simulations in the TOol for PArticle Simulations Monte Carlo (TOPAS MC) generated percentage depth dose curves and dose profiles, with dosage data standardized to a reference point and uncertainties addressed via error propagation. Results revealed that the Co-Cr-Mo alloy produced the most significant alterations. For instance, at 100 MeV Very High Electron Energy (VHEE), the dose at a 15 cm depth was 34.57% lower than in water; 6 MV photons showed a 15.16% reduction, and the proton Bragg peak shifted 9.5 cm closer to the source. These pronounced changes along the central beam axis affected dose distributions anterior and posterior to the metal. A prostate cancer simulation further demonstrated considerable dose reduction with deeply embedded metallic implants. The findings underscore the critical impact of implant properties on radiotherapy dose distributions, emphasizing the need to integrate these factors into clinical protocols to improve dosimetric accuracy and treatment safety.

The article’s subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. The point of view of electromagnetic field presence in the environment with the rapid increase in the level of the electromagnetic background is currently an essential point concerning population protection against the potential adverse effects of such EMFs. The authors focus on actual measurements, especially in shielded spaces frequently used in everyday life, such as elevator cabins and cars. The goal is a quantitative evaluation of the distribution of specific vector quantities of the EM field and a comparison with the currently valid hygiene standards. Measured values in shielded spaces show elevated levels in contrast to the open space. However, the values do not exceed limits set by considering the thermal effect on living tissues.

The article discusses the practical application of the method of electromagnetic non-destructive investigation of austenitic materials. To identify and evaluate deep artificial defects, the sweep-frequency eddy current method with harmonic excitation is used. The objects of interest are the surface electric-discharged machined notches, with a defined geometry, fabricated in a plate with a thickness of 30 mm. An innovative eddy current probe with a separate excitation and detection circuit is used for the investigation. The achieved results clearly demonstrate the robustness and potential of the method, especially for deep defects in thick material. By using the fifth probe in connection with the frequency sweeping of eddy currents, it is possible to reliably detect artificial defects up to 24 ± 0.5 mm deep by using low-frequency excitation signals. An important fact is that the measuring probe does not have to be placed directly above the examined defect. The experimental results achieved are presented and discussed in this paper. The conducted study can serve, for example, as an input database of defect signals with a defined geometry to increase the convergence of learning networks and for the prediction of the geometry of real (fatigue and stress-corrosion) defects.

Solution of inverse problem in eddy-current non-destructive evaluation of material defects is concerned in this study. A new inverse algorithm incorporating three methods is proposed. The wavelet transform of sensed eddy-current responses complemented by the principal component analysis and followed by the neural network classification are employed for this purpose. The goal is to increase the noise robustness of the evaluation. The proposed inverse algorithm is tested using real eddy-current response data gained from artificial electro-discharge machined notches made in austenitic stainless-steel biomaterial. Eddy-current responses due to the material defects are acquired using a newly developed eddy-current probe that senses separately three spatial components of the perturbed electromagnetic field. The presented results clearly show that the error in evaluation of material defect depth using the proposed algorithm is less than 10% even when the signal-to-noise ratio is as high as 10 dB.

An investigation of real corrosion cracks that can be partially conductive in electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation using sweep-frequency eddy-current frequency-response analysis is carried out in this study. A new approach incorporating innovative solutions is proposed. The goal was to increase the probability of detection of real corrosion cracks in contrast to the conventional sweep-frequency method that is based on single-point signal detection. The proposed procedure was tested on real material specimens where differential responses were gained from real corrosion cracks. Seven austenitic steel plate specimens having corrosion cracks were inspected. Eddy-current responses due to the material cracks were sensed, while a multi-point approach was used for this purpose. The presented unique results clearly showed that the detection ability of a fixed probe driven with sweep-frequency excitation signal could be increased when the multi-point detection is used, and the gained signals are further mathematically processed.