In recent years, in addition to the positive effects of probiotics and prebiotics on health, increasing research has shown that postbiotics also have significant potential in the health field. Postbiotics are bioactive components produced by probiotic bacteria during fermentation and may exhibit antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of liposomal postbiotics formulated in gel. Various postbiotic-containing liposomal systems have been developed and optimized to prepare formulations. Optimized liposomes and liposomal postbiotic-containing gel forms were examined in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, structural properties, encapsulation efficiency, permeability, release profiles, and stability. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of the postbiotics and the optimum gel formulation LG1 were evaluated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, and Candida albicans strains using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The optimum liposome formulation L1 was determined to have a particle size of 185.32 ± 0.80 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.206 ± 0.012, a zeta potential of 35.0 ± 0.5 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 17.52%. Its permeability was determined as 51.52% at the end of 6 h. In vitro release studies showed that the drug release profile was in accordance with first-order kinetics and suitable for controlled release. The findings show that formulated postbiotics have similar antimicrobial activity to free postbiotics. These results suggest that liposomal gel formulations support the antimicrobial effects of postbiotics while providing advantages of use. In conclusion, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the antimicrobial potential of postbiotics and lipogelosomal postbiotics and optimize their use in pharmaceutical applications.

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and metabolic disease states such as allergies, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes. SIBO is a condition characterized by an increased number (>1 × 10³ CFU) of abnormal bacterial species in the small intestine. Interest in SIBO has gained importance due to increased awareness of the human microbiome and its potential relationships with human health and disease, which has encouraged new work in this area. In recent years, standard antibiotic regimens (rifaximin and metronidazole) have been used to treat SIBO, but solo antibiotics or their derivatives are insufficient. In this study, the therapeutic effects of the probiotic form, which contains coconut oil and traces of peppermint-lemon-patchouli essential oil, were evaluated on the Dysbiosis-Based Rat SIBO Model. There are significant differences between sick and healthy rats (p = 0.014), between sick rats and rats treated with the oil mix plus probiotic mix protocol (p = 0.026), and between rats treated with only the probiotic and only oil protocols (p = 0.030) in the evaluation of TNF-α levels. Histologically, villi distortion and loss of crypts, epithelial shedding and necrotic changes in the apical regions of the villi, and inflammatory cell infiltrations extending to the lamina propria and submucosa were observed in sick rats. Mitotic figures in villus epithelium and crypts were observed in rats treated with 9.2 × 10⁹ CFU/1000 mg/coconut oil + trace amounts of peppermint-lemon-patchouli essential oil and a probiotic mixture (oil + probiotic mix protocol). A regression of inflammatory reactions and an increase in goblet cells were observed. A decrease was observed in inflammation markers in sick rats. On the other hand, the oil plus probiotic mix protocol recovered digestive system defects in the animals caused by dysbiosis. In the future, these treatment approaches can be effective in the treatment of SIBO.

The aim of this research study was to examine the effect of conventional Rosmarinus officinalis (without delivery systems) extract and liposomal delivery system incorporated extract on skin permeation velocity in vitro conditions was to determine whether there was a significant difference (in terms of duration) over the determined parameters. 47 mm diameter with a capacity of 20 ml in a water bath applied to the membrane surface in 37 ° C environment and using a double walled franz diffusion cell containing a polycarbonate membrane filter. 1.3.5.10. 20.40. in minutes and upto 160 minutes 50 rpm rotation speed (imitating skin application speed) with classical methods and delivery named by calculating the transition rates of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts obtained by the alternative method through the diffusion cell. As a result of the study, it was clearly determined that the mixture of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract in the liposomal carrier system at a volume ratio of 1: 1 compared with the conventional formula has a very high in vitro release rate of 160 minutes, even absorbed within minutes.

Antiperspirants are used many times a day to prevent bad odor in the armpit. Bad odor under the armpit is called organic volatile molecules. It is formed by the metabolism or breakdown of sweat secreted from sweat glands by microorganisms in the axillary region. Antiperspirants prevent sweat secretion by blocking the sweat glands thanks to the active ingredients in the antiperspirants and prevent the formation of bad odor by stopping the bacteria from metabolizing the secretions. These active substances are still used today as aluminum and its salts. Although the damage of aluminum salts on the skin is not fully known, their accumulation in the body causes toxicity. The search for new active substances to eliminate the negative health effects of the active substances used is still continuing today. The purpose of this research is to produce formulations containing active cosmetic ingredients with natural components that can be used in new formulations. Moreover, it includes the evaluation of the efficacy of active substances that will provide inhibition of bacteria that cause bad odor in the axillary microbiota by adding them to formulations. In studies conducted by adding Lactobacillius lysates (Acilac ATA-LTW12-Lactobacillus ferment lysate extract) obtained from probiotics combined with Humulus lupulus extract, Salvia officinalis leaf extract to the formulation, a decrease in microorganisms causing bad odor formation was observed. Microbiota differences between the formulation with and without postbiotics applied in an artificial axillary microbiota environment were observed. It was observed that the Lactobacıllus ferment lysate extract component used in the reduction of bad odor-causing microorganisms supported specific inhibition in the natural armpit microbiota and normalized the microbiota. There was no statistically significant difference between the negative control (PBS) and the antiperspirant without postbiotics. Significant statistical differences were observed between the antiperspirant containing postbiotic (Acilac ATA-LTW12-Lactobacillus ferment lysate extract) and the antiperspirant without postbiotic, and between the antiperspirant containing postbiotic and negative control. As a result, a new one has been added to the roll-on type antiperspirant formulation studies with natural ingredients free of aluminum salts, sustainable to nature, and presented to the literature for development.

This research study was designed to investigate physicochemical properties of types of phytosome containing alcohol-free umckalin from Pelargonium sidoides. Fourteen different phytosomal formulations were prepared by film method using P. sidoides in various types of phosphatidylcholine; Phospholipon 85 G (P 85 G) and phospholipon 100H (PL 100H). Physicochemical properties were measured by particle size and size distribution, zeta potential and polydispersity index of optimum 4-phytosomal formulation. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) techniques were employed for obtaining size distribution and surface appearance and lamellarity. The determination of vesicle types of phytosomes was performed by using PLM. The most suitable alcohol-free phytosome combination was chosen as PL 100H: DCP: CHOL (10: 1: 4) containing 1 % P.S (UP 4) because of its particle size and distribution (<1000 nm) and zeta potential (<-30 mV).

The aim of the research was to develop alcohol-free and relatively safe liposome-gel formulations containing Estradiol (E2)/Estriol (E3) combinations for menopausal women. Herewith, we purposed to solve problems some of the transdermal products containing ethanol by preparing liposome-gel formulations. The purpose of this research was the develop of liposome-gel formulations including Estradiol (E2) /Estriol (E3) hormones. Mean particle size, zeta potential, FT-IR spectrum, rheological behaviour studies were evaluated in transdermal non-invasive formulation. The optimum formulation (LH5) was concluded to be the negatively charged liposomes, which exhibited high physical characteristics, and relatively optimum particle size for transdermal penetration as 153.3 nm ± 1.1. Mean particle size distribution of empty liposome dispersion was smaller than E2/E3 loaded liposomes (LH6) because of encapsulation of them. So, the best E2/E3 loaded formulation (LH6) was selected according to the mean particle size distribution analysis, PDI values (< 0.5 PDI value) PDI value was found as 0.371 ± 0.01 for LH6. Moreover, since the zeta potential was found to be-54.9 mV± 0.25, it is predicted to be more stable than other E2/E3 loaded liposomes according to DLVO theory. When U21 and U30 used as gelling agent were compared, it was observed that U21 showed a more stable rheological behavior with approximately 25500 cP at skin pH. For this reason, U21 was preferred as a gelling agent for liposome dispersions in the second step. Considering the liposome-gel formulations, the LHG6 formulation, which is not excessively viscous in skin application compared to the other three formulations in terms of ease of transdermal application, was found to have a value of 34500 cP and was selected as the optimum liposome-gel formulation. Formulation and characterization studies supported that liposome gel delivery system is suitable for topical applications. All results supported that liposome-gel delivery system is more appropriate for transdermal applications. Since the liposome-gel transdermal drug delivery system is suitable and safer than oral administration in all characterization studies, efficacy studies of E2/E3 loaded liposome-gel formulations will soon be possible with invivo studies in human volunteers.