Drug-eluting stents (DES) demonstrated superior efficacy when compared to bare metal stents and plain-old balloon angioplasty and are nowadays used in almost all percutaneous revascularization procedures. The design of the stent platforms is constantly improving to maximize its efficacy and safety. Constant development of DES includes adoption of new materials used for scaffold production, new design types, improved overexpansion abilities, new polymers coating and, finally, improved antiproliferative agents. Especially nowadays, with the immense number of available DES platforms, it is crucial to understand how different aspects of stents impact the effect of their implantation, as subtle differences between various stent platforms could impact the most important issue—clinical outcomes. This review discusses the current status of coronary stents and the impact of stent material, strut design and coating techniques on cardiovascular outcomes.

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a rare inborn error of glycine metabolism that is characterized by the accumulation of glycine in all tissues, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). Based on clinical outcomes, NKH can be divided into two forms, i.e., severe and attenuated NKH. A poor prognosis, including no developmental progress and intractable epilepsy, is typical of severe NKH, whereas patients with the attenuated form present with varied symptoms and neurodevelopmental outcomes. So far, no causal treatment of NKH is known. Currently, the therapy is based on sodium benzoate and NMDA (The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) receptor site antagonists (dextromethorphan, ketamine). Different clinical outcomes of the therapy raise doubts about the effectiveness of the treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the therapeutic potential, challenges and effectiveness of different NKH therapies.

COQ8A-ataxia is a mitochondrial disease in which a defect in coenzyme Q10 synthesis leads to dysfunction of the respiratory chain. The disease is usually present as childhood-onset progressive ataxia with developmental regression and cerebellar atrophy. However, due to variable phenotype, it may be hard to distinguish from other mitochondrial diseases and a wide spectrum of childhood-onset cerebellar ataxia. COQ8A-ataxia is a potentially treatable condition with the supplementation of coenzyme Q10 as a main therapy; however, even 50% may not respond to the treatment. In this study we review the clinical manifestation and management of COQ8A-ataxia, focusing on current knowledge of coenzyme Q10 supplementation and approach to further therapies. Moreover, the case of a 22-month-old girl with cerebellar ataxia and developmental regression will be presented.

Germline variants in tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) gene have recently been described in about 50 patients with developmental delay and cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies (CAFDADD). We aimed to depict further the clinical and genetic spectrum associated with TRAF7 germline variants in two additional patients, broaden the mutational spectrum, and support the characteristic clinical variety to facilitate the diagnostics of the syndrome among physician involved in the evaluation of patients with developmental delay/congenital malformations.

Introduction: Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurodegenerative condition that represents the group of leukodystrophies. The disease is caused by GFAP mutation. Symptoms usually occur in the infantile age with macrocephaly, developmental deterioration, progressive quadriparesis, and seizures as the most characteristic features. In this case report, we provide a detailed clinical description of the neonatal type of AxD. Method: Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), including a panel of 49 genes related to Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (EIEE), was carried out, and then Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband’s DNA extracted from blood. Case description: In the first weeks of life, the child presented with signs of increased intracranial pressure, which led to ventriculoperitoneal shunt implementation. Recurrent focal-onset motor seizures with secondary generalization occurred despite phenobarbital treatment. Therapy was modified with multiple anti-seizure medications. In MRI contrast-enhanced lesions in basal ganglia, midbrain and cortico-spinal tracts were observed. During the diagnostic process, GLUT-1 deficiency, lysosomal storage disorders, organic acidurias, and fatty acid oxidation defects were excluded. The NGS panel of EIEE revealed no abnormalities. In WES analysis, GFAP missense heterozygous variant NM_002055.5: c.1187C>T, p.(Thr396Ile) was detected, confirming the diagnosis of AxD. Conclusion: AxD should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all neonates with progressive, intractable seizures accompanied by macrocephaly.

Introduction and objective: In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of cholelithiasis in the paediatric population. Most patients have an asymptomatic course of the disease; however, some children may experience serious complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical features, risk factors, and complications in paediatric patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 106 patients, including 59 girls and 47 boys aged 2 months to 17 years, diagnosed with cholelithiasis between 2013 and 2022. Results: The study group was stratified into five subgroups based on clinical diagnoses: asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis, symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, complicated cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis with cholestasis, and choledocholithiasis with acute pancreatitis. Younger children exhibited a higher prevalence of asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis compared to older patients. The predominant clinical symptoms included abdominal pain, vomiting, and jaundice. A significant prevalence of overweight and obesity was noted. In 36.6% of patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis, gallstones were visualised on cholangio-MRI despite normal findings on ultrasound examination. The most common complications were cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, and cholangitis. The primary risk factors identified in the study population were comorbidities, excessive nutritional status, and a positive family history of cholelithiasis. Additionally, a significant group of children using psychiatric medications was identified. Conclusions: An increasing incidence of cholelithiasis is observed in the paediatric population, also in the youngest age groups. Co-occurring diseases, medications, and obesity undoubtedly play a role. The use of psychiatric medications should be considered as a possible risk factor for cholelithiasis in children.