Introduction and purpose: PCOS is identified by the presence of underdeveloped follicles in the ovaries caused by a lack of ovulation, and it is linked to heightened production of androgens in the ovaries. The observable symptoms of PCOS encompass irregular or absent menstrual cycles, obesity, and indications of excess androgens such as acne or oily skin. Metformin could be advantageous for a specific group of women with PCOS. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of metformin in the treatment of PCOS based on available scientific literature. A brief description of the state of knowledge:Metformin indirectly aids in enhancing ovulation and alleviating long-term metabolic issues, although its impact is considered moderate. Metformin also diminishes the levels of particular markers linked to arterial issues and chronic inflammation beneath the surface. This indicates a potential decrease in the continual risks of type 2 diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) for women dealing with PCOS. Summary (conclusions): Managing PCOS involves personalized targets due to its diverse nature. In clinical practice, metformin is a recommended first step for managing PCOS in overweight or obese patients, particularly when oral contraceptives are not suitable or insulin resistance is evident.

Introduction and purpose Blepharoplasty is a surgical procedure aimed at restoring the functionality and/or aesthetics of the eyelids. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the factors influencing the recovery period at successive stages of therapeutic procedures. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Preoperative consultation is important in selecting patients, planning surgical procedures, identifying potential complications and meeting patients' expectations. In patients with hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and anticoagulant treatment, a worse scar assessment, longer recovery period and more complications have been observed. Patients who have undergone refractive surgery within the last 6 months are not suitable candidates for blepharoplasty. Nutrition status has a significant impact on wound healing and tissue repair after aesthetic medicine procedures. The use of continuous sutures compared to tissue glue results in similar wound healing time and postoperative discomfort level. Postoperative wound care is essential for the healing process. Electrostimulation of the wound does not accelerate edema reduction. We have focused on many complications, such as swelling, bleeding, infections, eyelid malposition, dry eye syndrome, wound dehiscence, ways to cope with these problems, and the role of lasers.  Summary (conclusions): Important is the proper preparation of the patient for the procedure. A detailed interview and examination influence therapeutic decisions, allowing the doctor to choose the most optimal treatment methods that will shorten the recovery time. Blepharoplasty is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures, so we propose the development of publicly accessible standards that should be included in the initial interview.

Introduction and purpose Obesity, a pervasive global pandemic intricately linked to various comorbidities, necessitates a comprehensive and nuanced approach. This article delves into the intricate realm of obesity guidelines, underscoring the significance of lifestyle modifications, preventive measures for childhood obesity, population-based strategies, clinical management protocols, and vigilant monitoring. GLP-1 drugs, originally designed for type 2 diabetes management, exhibit multifaceted effects beyond glycemic control. They influence appetite regulation, gastric emptying dynamics, and potentially contribute to cardiovascular health improvements. However, the commendable effects come with a caveat - potential side effects necessitating careful consideration in clinical decision-making. Despite gaining popularity through celebrity endorsements, this article firmly underscores the need to view GLP-1 pharmacotherapy as a recommended intervention rather than a miraculous solution. A brief description of the state of knowledge Integral to the obesity discourse is the imperative to address weight stigma, demanding evidence-based approaches in both clinical and public health domains. The narrative extends into the future landscape of obesity pharmacotherapy, contemplating the potential role of probiotics. Emphasizing the necessity for long-term studies and randomized trials, it positions probiotics as a low-risk alternative with significant potential in mitigating obesity while simultaneously addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance. Summary The pursuit of a balanced and effective approach to obesity management necessitates a nuanced understanding of medical interventions, consideration of societal perceptions, and exploration of innovative possibilities within the evolving landscape of healthcare.

Introduction and purpose: Condyloma acuminata, a benign manifestation of HPV infection, is a common sexually transmitted disease. Condyloma acuminata most commonly affects the anogenital area, but can also occur in the oral cavity. Macroscopically the lesions present as raised, fleshy papules, sometimes flat and broad, pedicled or cauliflower-like. Generally, the lesions are multiple, and as they grow, tend to coalesce into larger ones. Due to the lack of symptoms, condyloma acuminata are often found incidentally during routine medical appointments, e.g. in gynecologist’s offices. Additional symptoms and signs are pain, minor bleeding and pruritus. Patients suffering from condyloma acuminata are often in psychological and psychosexual distress. This work aims to provide a summary of the currently available treatment options based on scientific reports to date. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Among the factors that increase the risk of the HPV infection are age, lifestyle, promiscuity, smoking, HIV infection, a history of chlamydia or gonorrhea infections. To date, no treatment algorithm has been developed for condyloma acuminata. Two vaccines are on offer as primary prevention, Gardasil and Cervarix. The available treatment options are divided into two main groups: patient-administered and physician administered. Surgical methods have the highest therapeutic efficacy. Condyloma acuminata has a high recurrence rate. Usually, a multi-session combination treatment is needed to reach total remission. Summary (conclusions): The treatment of condyloma acuminata includes personalized targets due to their diverse clinical picture and the limitations of certain patient groups. The available treatment options do not exhaust the needs of patients suffering from condyloma acuminata. Further research into the effectiveness of specific treatments is advisable.

Introduction and objective: In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of cholelithiasis in the paediatric population. Most patients have an asymptomatic course of the disease; however, some children may experience serious complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical features, risk factors, and complications in paediatric patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 106 patients, including 59 girls and 47 boys aged 2 months to 17 years, diagnosed with cholelithiasis between 2013 and 2022. Results: The study group was stratified into five subgroups based on clinical diagnoses: asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis, symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, complicated cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis with cholestasis, and choledocholithiasis with acute pancreatitis. Younger children exhibited a higher prevalence of asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis compared to older patients. The predominant clinical symptoms included abdominal pain, vomiting, and jaundice. A significant prevalence of overweight and obesity was noted. In 36.6% of patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis, gallstones were visualised on cholangio-MRI despite normal findings on ultrasound examination. The most common complications were cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, and cholangitis. The primary risk factors identified in the study population were comorbidities, excessive nutritional status, and a positive family history of cholelithiasis. Additionally, a significant group of children using psychiatric medications was identified. Conclusions: An increasing incidence of cholelithiasis is observed in the paediatric population, also in the youngest age groups. Co-occurring diseases, medications, and obesity undoubtedly play a role. The use of psychiatric medications should be considered as a possible risk factor for cholelithiasis in children.

Introduction: Obesity is a persistent chronic condition. It is associated with an increased riskof premature death and the development of accompanying diseases. According to statisticaldata, half of the population struggles with excessive body weight, with one in five Polesbeing obese. [2]Aim: Our study aimed to evaluate the current literature on pharmacotherapy for obesityavailable in Poland using the PubMed database. We emphasize the crucial importance of anindividualized patient approach to attain therapeutic success, aligning with the latestguidelines and scientific research.A brief description of the state of knowledge: In Poland, we have three registeredmedications intended for the treatment of obesity: naltrexone/bupropion, liraglutide, andorlistat. It's crucial that they assist in weight reduction, hence they should be used alongsidea proper diet and physical activity, not as the sole form of treatment. Using them assists inachieving therapeutic targets determined in partnership with the patient, and lowers levels ofparticular indicators linked to chronic inflammation and arterial issues. Moreover, theydiminish the chances of complications and early mortality due to the advancement of thecondition.Summary: Obesity is a serious condition, and there should be no fear in incorporatingpharmacotherapy in patients with it. It is incredibly important to effectively treat this diseaseand take proactive health measures, even at the stage of overweight, considering it as aprecursor to obesity.