The objective of this work was to evaluate photoprotective mechanisms related to low positive temperatures in Coffea canephora (Conilon clones 02 and 153) and C. arabica ('Catucaí' IPR 102) genotypes, involved in cold temperature tolerance. To accomplish this, one-year-old plants were successively submitted to: temperature decrease of 0.5ºC day-1, from 25/20ºC to 13/8ºC; a three-day chilling cycle at 13/4ºC; and a recovery period of 14 days (25/20ºC). During the experiment, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and leaf photosynthetic pigment content were evaluated. Total activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase (Ru5PK) were quantified to measure the activity of photosynthesis key enzymes. All genotypes showed low temperature sensitivity, but displayed diverse cold impact and recovery capabilities regarding the photosynthetic-related parameters studied. Catucaí IPR 102 cultivar showed better ability to cope with cold stress than the Conilon clones, especially Conilon 02, and had full recovery of leaf gas exchange, fluorescence parameters, enzymatic activity, and higher contents of the photoprotective pigments zeaxanthin and lutein.

O eucalipto é a principal espécie florestal utilizada nos programas de reflorestamento no Brasil. Questiona-se quais as mudanças que essa espécie pode promover no solo. O impacto da substituição de uma cobertura vegetal por outra pode variar com as condições de clima e de solo, e os resultados obtidos numa região podem não ser extrapoláveis numa avaliação supra-regional. A biomassa e a atividade microbiana têm sido sugeridas como indicadores adequados de alterações provocadas por mudanças no uso da terra. Neste trabalho, essas características foram utilizadas para avaliar alterações na serapilheira e no solo em decorrência da substituição de cobertura florestal nativa por plantações de eucalipto em quatro sítios da Região Sudeste brasileira. A quantidade de serapilheira foi maior nas plantações de eucalipto do que nas formações nativas, o que foi explicado pela maior relação C:N na serapilheira do eucalipto. O impacto da conversão da vegetação nativa em eucalipto nos atributos microbiológicos da serapilheira e do solo variou conforme as características específicas analisadas de cada sítio florestal. Diferenças entre os teores de C e de N na biomassa microbiana de eucalipto e vegetação natural foram mais freqüentemente observadas no solo do que na serapilheira. A biomassa microbiana da serapilheira representou uma reserva de C e N maior do que a biomassa microbiana do solo, constituindo-se num compartimento de relevante contribuição a solos com baixos teores desses nutrientes.

A diversidade genética entre genótipos de maracujazeiro amarelo foi avaliada por meio de marcadores genéticos de DNA tipo RAPD. Para tanto, materiais genéticos foram coletados em populações comerciais em regiões tradicionais de fruticultura da Região Norte Fluminense (Itaperuna, São Francisco do Itabapoana, Campos dos Goytacazes). Foi também estimada a diversidade entre a espécie cultivada (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) e espécies relacionadas no gênero, P. alata, P. giberti, P. cincinnata, P. foetida, P. edulis. P. maliformes, P. mucronata, P. suberosa, P. malacophylla. Para o estudo dos acessos de maracujá amarelo não foi verificada expressiva diversidade genética; as populações se distribuíram conforme sua origem, sendo que os indivíduos coletados em São Francisco do Itabapoana apresentaram uma maior consistência no seu agrupamento. Para o estudo interespecífico, verificou-se que P. maliformis ficou em um grupo distinto, assim como P. giberti, mas próximo a P. mucronata. Para a espécie P. alata foi também verificada a sua alocação em um grupo distinto. Para as espécies P. cincinnata e P. edulis (Maracujá roxo), ambas ficaram alocadas em mesmo grupo, evidenciando uma proximidade entre as mesmas. As espécies P. foetida e P. suberosa formaram um grupo único.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are of great economic importance worldwide. We genetically dissected a table grape breeding population, using hidden Markov models (HMM) applied to quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. We evaluated and dissected the following traits: total number of clusters, leaf score, peduncle length, cluster length, number of berries, weight of 10 berries, average seed number, nature of seeds, berry skin color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and berry anthocyanin. A consensus map was developed with 255 SSR molecular markers, ordered into 19 linkage groups. The observed length of this map was 1871.4 cM, with 89.7% coverage. QTL were identified using interval mapping with HMM. The number of QTL detected for each trait varied between 1 and 8, reflecting the quantitative nature of these traits. The percentage of variation explained by these QTL was small, varying between 1.56 and 11.98%. We found QTL across linkage groups 2, 7, 12, 13, and 14 for berry anthocyanin.

Genomic selection (GS) has recently been proposed as a new selection strategy which represents an innovative paradigm in crop improvement, now widely adopted in animal breeding. Genomic selection relies on phenotyping and high-density genotyping of a sufficiently large and representative sample of the target breeding population, so that the majority of loci that regulate a quantitative trait are in linkage disequilibrium with one or more molecular markers and can thus be captured by selection. In this study we address genomic selection in a practical fruit breeding context applying it to a breeding population of table grape obtained from a cross between the hybrid genotype D8909-15 (Vitis rupestris × Vitis arizonica/girdiana), which is resistant to dagger nematode and Pierce’s disease (PD), and ‘B90-116’, a susceptible Vitis vinifera cultivar with desirable fruit characteristics. Our aim was to enhance the knowledge on the genomic variation of agronomical traits in table grape populations for future use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and GS, by discovering a set of molecular markers associated with genomic regions involved in this variation. A number of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) were discovered but this method is inaccurate and the genetic architecture of the studied population was better captured by the BLasso method of genomic selection, which allowed for efficient inference about the genetic contribution of the various marker loci. The technology of genomic selection afforded greater efficiency than QTL analysis and can be very useful in speeding up the selection procedures for agronomic traits in table grapes.

Markers are an important tool in plant breeding, which can improve conventional phenotypic breeding, generating more accurate information outcoming better decision making. This study aimed to apply and compare the fit of different Bayesian models BRR, BayesA, BayesB, BayesB (setting the value from very low to $$\pi$$π = $${10}^{-5}$$10 - 5 ), BayesC and Bayesian Lasso (LASSO) for predictions of the genomic genetic values of productivity and quality traits of a guava population. The models were fitted for traits fruit mass, pulp mass, soluble solids content, fruit number, and production per plant in the genomic prediction with SSR markers, obtained through the CTAB extraction method with 200 primers. The Bayesian ridge regression model showed the best results for all traits and was chosen to predict the individual’s genomic values according to the cross-validation data. A good stabilization of the Markov and Monte Carlo chains was observed with the mean values close to the observed phenotypic means. Heritabilities showed good predictive accuracy. The model showed strong correlations between some traits, allowing indirect selection.