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Dr. Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė
Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry

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Research paper
Published: 30 May 2021 in Soil Use and Management
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at national level were estimated to provide more accurate estimates on SOC for the Lithuanian GHG inventory. The SOC stocks in the forest floor, grassland litter, and in mineral or organic topsoil (0–30 cm) of forest land, grasslands, and croplands were estimated. The assessment was based on forest floor and peat topsoil mass, mineral topsoil bulk density, and carbon concentration in 754 permanent observation plots on 9 × 9 km grid of the National Forest Inventory in Lithuania. The SOC stocks were obtained for eight WRB Reference Soil Groups to provide the estimates for land use, land-use change, and forestry reporting. The SOC stocks in the forest floor, topsoil of mineral and peat layers were identified for soils under different land uses. The mean SOC concentrations in the 0–10 and 10–30 cm topsoil of most soil groups, especially fertile forest soils (Cambisols, Luvisols + Retisols, were higher for forest land and grasslands, and lower for croplands. The total averaged SOC stock in the forest floor in mineral and organic soils was 6.97 t ha-1, whereas in the litter of grasslands it was 0.54 t ha-1. The averaged SOC stock in topsoil varied from 56 t ha-1 (Arenosols) to 118 t ha-1 (Cambisols) in mineral forest soils and was 150 t ha-1 (Histosols) in organic forest soils. The total averaged SOC stock in mineral topsoil of forest land, grassland, and cropland was 80 t ha-1, 74 t ha-1, and 72 t ha-1, respectively.

ACS Style

Kęstutis Armolaitis; Iveta Varnagirytė‐Kabašinskienė; Povilas Žemaitis; Vidas Stakėnas; Ričardas Beniušis; Gintaras Kulbokas; Gintautas Urbaitis. Evaluation of organic carbon stocks in mineral and organic soils in Lithuania. Soil Use and Management 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Kęstutis Armolaitis, Iveta Varnagirytė‐Kabašinskienė, Povilas Žemaitis, Vidas Stakėnas, Ričardas Beniušis, Gintaras Kulbokas, Gintautas Urbaitis. Evaluation of organic carbon stocks in mineral and organic soils in Lithuania. Soil Use and Management. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kęstutis Armolaitis; Iveta Varnagirytė‐Kabašinskienė; Povilas Žemaitis; Vidas Stakėnas; Ričardas Beniušis; Gintaras Kulbokas; Gintautas Urbaitis. 2021. "Evaluation of organic carbon stocks in mineral and organic soils in Lithuania." Soil Use and Management , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021 in Forests
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Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number of wood parameters, which can also lead to changes in resistance to wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates the effects of hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 with and without commercial tannins, also without additives and fresh wood) on decay and mould fungi resistance of modified wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), walnut (Juglans regia), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). For wood samples, the resistance against wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot) and the resistance against mould fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were assessed. The study findings showed that wood modified with iron compounds could cause a higher resistance to wood-destroying fungi. The weight losses of the modified and control wood, caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, differed for coniferous and deciduous: the average weight loss of treated pine, spruce, and fir wood caused by C. puteana was higher than that caused by T. versicolor, while these differences on maple and walnut wood were not significant. The wood hydrothermal treatment with Fe2Cl3 with and without tannins significantly reduced the weight loss caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, and the treatment with Fe2O3 slightly improved the decay resistance. For the wood, hydrothermally modified with FeCl3 and FeCl3 + tannins, the mould area for both tested Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was smallest for the wood of all tested tree species compared to other treatments. A different response was obtained for coniferous and deciduous tree species wood. The spruce wood, followed by fir wood, treated with FeCl3 with and without tannins, was the most resistant against the mould fungi. Relatively low resistance against the mould fungi was fixed for the maple wood treated by various iron compounds, except the treatment with Fe2O3 + tannins, which gave a very positive response against the Penicillium sp.

ACS Style

Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Aistė Povilaitienė; Benas Šilinskas; Mindaugas Škėma; Lina Beniušienė. Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi. Forests 2021, 12, 645 .

AMA Style

Marius Aleinikovas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Aistė Povilaitienė, Benas Šilinskas, Mindaugas Škėma, Lina Beniušienė. Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi. Forests. 2021; 12 (5):645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Aistė Povilaitienė; Benas Šilinskas; Mindaugas Škėma; Lina Beniušienė. 2021. "Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi." Forests 12, no. 5: 645.

Communication
Published: 18 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Forests are the dominant land cover in Nordic–Baltic countries, and forestry, the management of forests for improved ecosystem-service (ES) delivery, is an important contributor to sustainability. Forests and forestry support multiple United Nations Sustainability Goals (UN SDGs) and a number of EU policies, and can address conflicting environmental goals. Forests provide multiple ecosystem services and natural solutions, including wood and fibre production, food, clear and clean water and air, animal and plant habitats, soil formation, aesthetics, and cultural and social services. Carbon sequestered by growing trees is a key factor in the envisaged transition from a fossil-based to a biobased economy. Here, we highlight the possibilities of forest-based solutions to mitigate current and emerging societal challenges. We discuss forestry effects on forest ecosystems, focusing on the optimisation of ES delivery and the fulfilment of UN SDGs while counteracting unwanted effects. In particular, we highlight the trilemma of (i) increasing wood production to substitute raw fossil materials, (ii) increasing forest carbon storage capacity, and (iii) improving forest biodiversity and other ES delivery.

ACS Style

Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5643 .

AMA Style

Lars Högbom, Dalia Abbas, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Endijs Baders, Martyn Futter, Aris Jansons, Kalev Jõgiste, Andis Lazdins, Diana Lukminė, Mika Mustonen, Knut Øistad, Anneli Poska, Pasi Rautio, Johan Svensson, Floor Vodde, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Jan Weslien, Lars Wilhelmsson, Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5643.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. 2021. "Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5643.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Forests
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This study performed a pilot evaluation of the wood quality—defined by a single parameter: dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn, N mm−2)—of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees in urban areas. A search of the literature revealed few studies which examined the specifics of tree wood development in urban areas. Little is known about the potential of wood from urban trees wood of their suitability for the timber industry. In this study, an acoustic velocity measuring system was used for wood quality assessment of small-leaved lime trees. The MOEdyn parameter was evaluated for small-leaved lime trees growing in two urban locations (along the streets, and in an urban park), with an additional sample of forest sites taken as the control. MOEdyn was also assessed for small-leaved lime trees visually assigned to different health classes. The obtained mean values of MOEdyn of 90–120-year old small-leaved lime trees in urban areas ranged between 2492.2 and 2715.8 N mm−2. For younger trees, the values of MOEdyn were lower in the urban areas than in the forest site. Otherwise, the results of the study showed that the small-leaved lime wood samples were of relatively good quality, even if the tree was classified as moderately damaged (which could cause a potential risk to the community). Two alternatives for urban tree management can be envisaged: (1) old trees could be left to grow to maintain the sustainability of an urban area until their natural death, or (2) the wood from selected moderately damaged trees could be used to create wood products, ensuring long-term carbon retention.

ACS Style

Benas Šilinskas; Aistė Povilaitienė; Gintautas Urbaitis; Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study. Forests 2021, 12, 420 .

AMA Style

Benas Šilinskas, Aistė Povilaitienė, Gintautas Urbaitis, Marius Aleinikovas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study. Forests. 2021; 12 (4):420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benas Šilinskas; Aistė Povilaitienė; Gintautas Urbaitis; Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. 2021. "The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study." Forests 12, no. 4: 420.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Forests
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Background and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the changes of the main stem and branch parameters of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) trees under different stand densities. More specifically, the objective was to develop the models for the determination of branch diameter in 0–6 m log from root collar, taken as one of the parameters directly influencing the stem quality. The study continues a piece of research on stem and branch parameters’ responses to different stand density (SD) in the plantations of coniferous tree species in Lithuania. Materials and Methods: The following key parameters were measured in this study: total tree height, diameter at breast height, height to the lowest live branch, height to the lowest dead branch, and diameter of all branches in 0–6 m log. The linear regression models to predict branch diameter in 0–6 m log were developed based on stand density (SD), tree characteristics (tree diameter at breast height, DBH; and tree height, H) and other related stem and branch parameters. Results and Conclusions: Directly measured tree DBH, branch diameters and number of branches in 0-6 m log decreased significantly with the increasing SD. In the 0–6 m log, the branch diameter and the diameter of the thickest branch were identified as the main parameters related to stem quality. The best fitted models, developed including SD, tree DBH, branch diameter, and diameter of the thickest branch in 0–3 m log, can be proposed as a predictor for stem-wood quality for Norway spruce in hemiboreal forest zone.

ACS Style

Lina Beniušienė; Edmundas Petrauskas; Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Ričardas Beniušis; Benas Šilinskas. Norway Spruce Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuanian Hemiboreal Forest. Forests 2021, 12, 201 .

AMA Style

Lina Beniušienė, Edmundas Petrauskas, Marius Aleinikovas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Ričardas Beniušis, Benas Šilinskas. Norway Spruce Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuanian Hemiboreal Forest. Forests. 2021; 12 (2):201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Beniušienė; Edmundas Petrauskas; Marius Aleinikovas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Ričardas Beniušis; Benas Šilinskas. 2021. "Norway Spruce Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuanian Hemiboreal Forest." Forests 12, no. 2: 201.

Original paper
Published: 12 August 2020 in European Journal of Forest Research
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Aboveground dead wood has a range of important ecological functions, including carbon (C) storage. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories established on the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, Lithuania is encouraged to quantify C pools in forests, including C in living biomass, soil and dead wood. The aim of this study was to assess species-specific dead wood density (DWD) and carbon content (CC) per decay class for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), silver birch or downy birch (Betula pendula Roth or Betula pubescens Ehrh.), European aspen (Populus tremula L.), grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), common oak (Quercus robur L.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), as the main representative hemiboreal forest tree species. The study findings revealed that mean DWD significantly decreased, while mean CC slightly increased during the wood decomposition process, which led to carbon density (CD) reduction over five decay classes. The mean CC showed little variation among the eight tree species and ranged between 47 and 54%. The lower CDs in the dead wood of decay classes 1 and 2 were more associated with coniferous than deciduous species. The estimated CD significantly decreased in all species with increasing decay class. Dead wood at decay class 5 of Scots pine, silver or downy birch, European ash and common oak had the highest CD, followed by Norway spruce and grey alder, and the lowest CDs were obtained for European aspen and black alder.

ACS Style

Vidas Stakėnas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Valda Araminienė; Milda Muraškienė; Povilas Žemaitis. Dead wood carbon density for the main tree species in the Lithuanian hemiboreal forest. European Journal of Forest Research 2020, 139, 1045 -1055.

AMA Style

Vidas Stakėnas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Valda Araminienė, Milda Muraškienė, Povilas Žemaitis. Dead wood carbon density for the main tree species in the Lithuanian hemiboreal forest. European Journal of Forest Research. 2020; 139 (6):1045-1055.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vidas Stakėnas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Valda Araminienė; Milda Muraškienė; Povilas Žemaitis. 2020. "Dead wood carbon density for the main tree species in the Lithuanian hemiboreal forest." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 6: 1045-1055.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2020 in Forests
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Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different stand densities and thinning regimes on stem quality parameters, mainly branch characteristics, of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. The study provides some input to the discussion about Scots pine stem quality responses to different forest management practices in relatively young stands. Materials and Methods: Total tree height, height to the lowest live and dead branch, diameter at breast height (DBH), and diameter of all branches from the whorls located up to 6 m from the ground were measured. The linear regression models to predict branch diameter, as the main parameter for the stem quality assessment, were developed based on stand density and stem parameters. Results and Conclusions: DBH, branch diameter and number of branches up to 6-m stem height were significantly higher in the stands with the lowest density. These stem parameters showed a relatively clear downward trend from the lowest to the highest stand densities. The main identified variables which significantly affected stem quality, were branch diameter and diameter of the thickest branch in the bottom part of the stem, at least up to 3-m stem height. For practical use, the best fitted model was estimated when stand density, DBH, and branch diameter up to 3-m height were included in a single equation. The developed model for branch diameter could be used as a forest management tool for managing stem-wood quality.

ACS Style

Lina Beniušienė; Benas Šilinskas; Ričardas Beniušis; Marius Aleinikovas; Edmundas Petrauskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Scots Pine Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuania. Forests 2020, 11, 716 .

AMA Style

Lina Beniušienė, Benas Šilinskas, Ričardas Beniušis, Marius Aleinikovas, Edmundas Petrauskas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Scots Pine Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuania. Forests. 2020; 11 (7):716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Beniušienė; Benas Šilinskas; Ričardas Beniušis; Marius Aleinikovas; Edmundas Petrauskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. 2020. "Scots Pine Stem Parameters in Sites with Different Stand Densities in Lithuania." Forests 11, no. 7: 716.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Forests
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Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different stand densities on wood density (WD), global modulus of elasticity (MOE), and bending strength (MOR) in 35-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) stands, representing the hemiboreal forest zone. Materials and Methods: Scots pine and Norway spruce sites, representing different stand densities of 3000–3100; 2000–2100 and 1000–1100 trees per hectare, were chosen. Visually healthy model pine and spruce trees were selected, and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for model trees; the competition index was calculated; the MOE and MOR were evaluated by the Standards EN 408:2006 and EN 384:2016, at 12% moisture content; WD and the knot diameter were measured; and the strength class of wood was determined by the Standard EN 338:2009. To predict wood quality characteristics based on stand and tree characteristics, linear regression models were developed. Results and Conclusions: Higher stand density led to a significant change in the main wood properties of both conifer species. The highest mean WD, MOE, and MOR were obtained at the sites with the highest stand density. The MOE and MOR were highly correlated, but relatively weak correlations were found between MOE and MOR with tree DBH and WD. Despite the lower quality of Scots pine wood, the Norway spruce wood from more dense sites corresponded to the strength class of C16, according the strength grading of softwoods. The linear regression models did not perform well in describing the relationship of wood properties with stand and tree characteristics. The models for MOR accounted for the highest variation of 62–65% for both Scots pine and Norway spruce. These relationships can be expected to change with increased stand age or with the inclusion of specific crown parameters.

ACS Style

Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Marius Aleinikovas; Lina Beniušienė; Jūratė Aleinikovienė; Mindaugas Škėma. Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Wood Properties at Sites with Different Stand Densities. Forests 2020, 11, 587 .

AMA Style

Benas Šilinskas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Marius Aleinikovas, Lina Beniušienė, Jūratė Aleinikovienė, Mindaugas Škėma. Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Wood Properties at Sites with Different Stand Densities. Forests. 2020; 11 (5):587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Marius Aleinikovas; Lina Beniušienė; Jūratė Aleinikovienė; Mindaugas Škėma. 2020. "Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Wood Properties at Sites with Different Stand Densities." Forests 11, no. 5: 587.

Review
Published: 05 December 2019 in Energy, Sustainability and Society
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The development of bioenergy markets is beneficial from a climate perspective and helps ensure sustainable forest management both locally and globally. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current state of Lithuanian forest biomass resources with a particular focus on the legal, economic and ecological aspects of forest biomass use for energy and to identify the lessons that should be learned from the history of biomass introduction in the country’s energy sector. These experiences and lessons are valuable both nationally and internationally, where good practices and challenges for the introduction and development of forest biomass for energy production are revealed. We examined the question of whether regulatory drivers in the energy sector can increase forest biomass use for energy production and contribute to sustainable development of Lithuania. To answer this question, we described the legal and market instruments regulating forest biomass use for energy production, the forestry sector and renewable energy policy in Lithuania, the current and potential amount of forest biomass available for energy production and ecological considerations relating to forest biomass use for energy. In Lithuania, forest biomass resources are strategically important for the renewable energy sector. The National Energy Strategy of Lithuania aims to increase the share of renewable energy sources, including forest biomass, within the total energy consumption, with targets of 30% in 2020, 45% in 2030 and 80% in 2050. Lithuania successfully achieved the target of EU legislation on renewables in 2015 ahead of the obligation to achieve it in 2020. Renewable energy is mainly used in heating, as well as in the electricity and transport sectors. This has resulted in a significant price reduction for end users due to the increased use of biomass, mainly local forest biomass, for heat energy production and in the emergence of a biofuel exchange, which acts as a system of biomass auctions that to some extent prevent unjustified price increases. Legislation developed for the energy biomass market in Lithuania allows efficient restructuring of the energy sector, especially for heat production. The Lithuanian energy sector has already successfully replaced imported and relatively expensive natural gas with locally available cheaper renewable energy sources (RES). Compliance with formal environmental regulations is required to protect the soil, ground vegetation, understory and biodiversity during commercial tree harvesting. Lithuania has basic guidelines for the use of wood ash as a compensatory fertiliser, with strict requirements for the chemical quality of wood ash.

ACS Style

Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Diana Lukminė; Stasys Mizaras; Lina Beniušienė; Kęstutis Armolaitis. Lithuanian forest biomass resources: legal, economic and ecological aspects of their use and potential. Energy, Sustainability and Society 2019, 9, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Diana Lukminė, Stasys Mizaras, Lina Beniušienė, Kęstutis Armolaitis. Lithuanian forest biomass resources: legal, economic and ecological aspects of their use and potential. Energy, Sustainability and Society. 2019; 9 (1):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Diana Lukminė; Stasys Mizaras; Lina Beniušienė; Kęstutis Armolaitis. 2019. "Lithuanian forest biomass resources: legal, economic and ecological aspects of their use and potential." Energy, Sustainability and Society 9, no. 1: 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Lithuania is representative of maritime to continental climate, no water limitation, and moderate ground-level ozone (O3) pollution. We investigated the trends of meteorological variables and O3 and how these environmental conditions associate with tree health from 2001 onward. Ozone metrics for forest protection, based on Accumulated O3 exposure Over a Threshold of X ppb (AOTX) or on Phytotoxic O3 Dose over a Y threshold (PODY), were modeled at nine ICP-Forests plots over the time period 2001–2014. Tree-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation and visible foliar O3 injury, were assessed during annual field surveys carried out at each ICP-Forests plot over the time period 2007–2017. Mann-Kendall and Sen statistical tests were applied to estimate changes over time of meteorological variables, response indicators and O3 metrics. Finally, the O3 metrics were correlated (Spearman test) to the response indicators over the common period 2007–2014. Over this time period, trend analyses revealed an increasingly hotter (+0.27 °C decade−1, on average) and drier climate (rainfall, −48 mm decade−1). A reduction was found for O3 annual mean (−0.28 ppb decade−1, on average) and AOT40 (−2540 ppb·h decade−1, on average) whereas an increase was found for POD0 (+0.40 mmol m−2 decade−1, on average). Visible foliar O3 injury increased (+0.17% decade−1), while an improvement of the crown conditions (−5.0% decade−1) was observed. AOT40 was significantly associated with crown defoliation while PODY and soil water content were correlated with visible foliar O3 injury. As visible foliar O3 injury was negligible in all the studied species, the results suggest that moderate O3 pollution (approximately 30 ppb as annual average) does not induce biologically significant effects on this forest vegetation under the current conditions, however the overall O3 risk (POD0) is expected to increase in the future under a hotter and drier climate.

ACS Style

Valda Araminienė; Pierre Sicard; Alessandro Anav; Evgenios Agathokleous; Vidas Stakėnas; Alessandra De Marco; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Elena Paoletti; Rasa Girgždienė. Trends and inter-relationships of ground-level ozone metrics and forest health in Lithuania. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 658, 1265 -1277.

AMA Style

Valda Araminienė, Pierre Sicard, Alessandro Anav, Evgenios Agathokleous, Vidas Stakėnas, Alessandra De Marco, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Elena Paoletti, Rasa Girgždienė. Trends and inter-relationships of ground-level ozone metrics and forest health in Lithuania. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 658 ():1265-1277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valda Araminienė; Pierre Sicard; Alessandro Anav; Evgenios Agathokleous; Vidas Stakėnas; Alessandra De Marco; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Elena Paoletti; Rasa Girgždienė. 2018. "Trends and inter-relationships of ground-level ozone metrics and forest health in Lithuania." Science of The Total Environment 658, no. : 1265-1277.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2018 in Forests
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Forests and the forest-based sector play important roles in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration and storage in living biomass and soil. In Europe, the forest sector is the only sector that positively affects atmospheric carbon balance. After the forest harvest, a large share of carbon is removed together with the wood. This wood carbon might be stored for centuries if in the form of long-lived wood products. In 2011, the United Nations decided that countries should account for and report carbon balance not only in forests but also in harvested wood products (HWP), followed by very general guidelines on methods for carbon accounting in HWP. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proposed three methodological levels called tiers for estimating carbon stock and its changes in HWP. The first reporting period revealed that countries applied different carbon accounting methods (tiers), therefore comparing the carbon budgets of HWP and the effect of climate change mitigation among different countries is difficult. In order to test the differences between carbon accounting methods proposed by the IPCC guidelines, we applied two carbon accounting methods and used different data sources in the case of Lithuania. The methods applied were the IPCC Tier 2 method (data on HWP from statistics or the literature, default half-life values, and default HWP categories) and material flow analysis, which is compatible with the IPCC Tier 3 method (material flow data on HWP, country-specific half-life values, and country-specific HWP categories). Depending on the availability of historical data from different sources for the purpose of this study, three study periods were defined: 1992–2015 Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) data, 1960–1991 data from the literature, and 1940–1991 data from national statistics. The study findings show that carbon stock in HWP significantly differed when different data sources and methods were applied. The highest carbon stock in HWP (19.5 Mt) at the end of the study period was observed when FAOSTAT data from 1992–2015 were used and the Tier 3 method was applied. The lowest carbon stock in HWP (11.2 Mt) at the end of the study period was observed when data from national statistics from 1940–1991 were used and the Tier 2 method was applied. The carbon inflow into the pool of HWP in all cases was estimated to be 40% higher when material flow analysis was applied compared to the IPCC default (Tier 2) method. These findings suggest that in general it is more reasonable to apply the Tier 3 method for carbon accounting of HWP in Lithuania.

ACS Style

Marius Aleinikovas; Gediminas Jasinevičius; Mindaugas Škėma; Lina Beniušienė; Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Assessing the Effects of Accounting Methods for Carbon Storage in Harvested Wood Products on the National Carbon Budget of Lithuania. Forests 2018, 9, 737 .

AMA Style

Marius Aleinikovas, Gediminas Jasinevičius, Mindaugas Škėma, Lina Beniušienė, Benas Šilinskas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Assessing the Effects of Accounting Methods for Carbon Storage in Harvested Wood Products on the National Carbon Budget of Lithuania. Forests. 2018; 9 (12):737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marius Aleinikovas; Gediminas Jasinevičius; Mindaugas Škėma; Lina Beniušienė; Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. 2018. "Assessing the Effects of Accounting Methods for Carbon Storage in Harvested Wood Products on the National Carbon Budget of Lithuania." Forests 9, no. 12: 737.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2018 in Ecological Indicators
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The long-term carrying capacity for biomass production is highly dependent on available soil resources. A soil test method for potential nutrient release capability was applied to 23 Nordic and Baltic forest soil profiles. The soils had coarse (10), medium (12) and fine (1) soil texture and most were podsolising. Extraction with dilute (0.1 M, 1:50 sample:solution ratio) nitric acid for 2 h was followed by 48 h and 168 h of extraction in soil samples from pedogenetic horizons. Dilute nitric acid solution was replaced after each step and release of mineral nutrient elements in solution was determined. C-horizon nutrient release (µmol g−1 fine earth, 0–218 h) was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT 0.5–8.5 °C) and for potassium (K) also mean annual precipitation (MAP 523–1440 mm y−1) suggesting a gradient in the mineralogy of the parent material that sediment transports during Pleistocene glaciations have not distorted. In B-horizons of sandy parent materials with felsic mineralogy cumulative nutrient release was positively correlated with pH and with Al and Fe release suggesting accumulation and stabilisation of nutrients in pedogenic products. E-horizons had less nutrient release capability than C-horizons, indicating a more weathered state of E-horizon parent material. Soil formation due to mineral dissolution and leaching of base cations and the gradient in parent material origin and weathering state both affected the observed pattern of nutrient release. On soils with very low mineral P resources (e.g. <250 kg P ha−1 to 50 cm) by repeated dilute acid extraction, harvest of nutrient rich biomass will not be sustainable. However, it can’t be concluded that sites with high P availability by 0.1 M HNO3 can support an intensive harvest without compensation of P (and Ca) by fertilisation. Due to buffering of removed base cations in B-horizons, nutrient export with biomass may not be traceable as pH decline at decadal time scale. Therefore, the direct measurement of nutrient stocks by the extraction procedure (or other similar assessment of nutrient reserves by strong acid) is suggested as indicative for the mineral weathering capability of forest soils to recover from P and base cation depletion by biomass harvest.

ACS Style

Ingeborg Callesen; Nicholas Clarke; Andis Lazdinš; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen. Nutrient release capability in Nordic and Baltic forest soils determined by dilute nitric acid extraction – Relationships with indicators for soil quality, pH and sustainable forest management. Ecological Indicators 2018, 96, 540 -547.

AMA Style

Ingeborg Callesen, Nicholas Clarke, Andis Lazdinš, Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen. Nutrient release capability in Nordic and Baltic forest soils determined by dilute nitric acid extraction – Relationships with indicators for soil quality, pH and sustainable forest management. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 96 ():540-547.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ingeborg Callesen; Nicholas Clarke; Andis Lazdinš; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen. 2018. "Nutrient release capability in Nordic and Baltic forest soils determined by dilute nitric acid extraction – Relationships with indicators for soil quality, pH and sustainable forest management." Ecological Indicators 96, no. : 540-547.

Original paper
Published: 10 January 2018 in Journal of Forestry Research
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The impacts of elevated temperature and CO2 on young silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0, 25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartments and roots and various morphological and physiological variables. Defoliation either increased or decreased plant growth depending on the severity of damage and the climatic treatment. At 21 °C and 400 mg L−1 CO2, defoliated plants were not able to compensate for the lost foliage, but growth compensation and adaptation to the changed conditions were greater; growth of young defoliated silver birch saplings increased, which led to increased height and a tendency to enhance final aboveground and root biomass and leaf nitrogen and carbon content compared to the nondefoliated controls. Nevertheless, the short-term effect of the different climatic conditions did not result in a significant overgrowth of defoliated plants. A slight increase in temperature and CO2 were the most acceptable conditions for defoliated plants; however, a 4 °C increase with correspondingly higher CO2 was more stressful as shown by less growth in height and biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots. The findings from the pilot experiment are more applicable to young birch trees, but stress on young trees may be reflected in future tree growth.

ACS Style

Valda Araminienė; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Vidas Stakenas. Pilot study on the effects of elevated air temperature and CO2 on artificially defoliated silver birch saplings. Journal of Forestry Research 2018, 29, 1507 -1518.

AMA Style

Valda Araminienė, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Vidas Stakenas. Pilot study on the effects of elevated air temperature and CO2 on artificially defoliated silver birch saplings. Journal of Forestry Research. 2018; 29 (6):1507-1518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valda Araminienė; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Vidas Stakenas. 2018. "Pilot study on the effects of elevated air temperature and CO2 on artificially defoliated silver birch saplings." Journal of Forestry Research 29, no. 6: 1507-1518.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2018 in Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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The Polish Journal of Environmental Studies publishes original papers and critical reviews

ACS Style

Mindaugas Škėma; Virgilijus Mikšys; Marius Aleinikovas; Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Biomass Structure and Morphometric Parameters for Non-Destructive Biomass Estimation of Common Forest Underbrush Species in Lithuania. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 2018, 27, 325 -333.

AMA Style

Mindaugas Škėma, Virgilijus Mikšys, Marius Aleinikovas, Benas Šilinskas, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. Biomass Structure and Morphometric Parameters for Non-Destructive Biomass Estimation of Common Forest Underbrush Species in Lithuania. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2018; 27 (1):325-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mindaugas Škėma; Virgilijus Mikšys; Marius Aleinikovas; Benas Šilinskas; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. 2018. "Biomass Structure and Morphometric Parameters for Non-Destructive Biomass Estimation of Common Forest Underbrush Species in Lithuania." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27, no. 1: 325-333.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2016 in iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry
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One-year-old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) saplings were subjected to artificial insect damage and defoliations of varying intensities, and subsequent growth indexes, biomass allocation patterns and photosynthesis were monitored during a 60-day period. Seven treatments were conducted in which the leaves of saplings were perforated with three or six holes per each leaf, and damaged by clipping one-third of each leaf, or they received 25, 50 and 75% defoliations during a single growing season (from April to August of 2014). Simulated insect damage and artificial defoliation decreased growth. The 75% defoliation significantly reduced the total dry mass of birch saplings at harvest by 30%, while such reduction did not influence the total productivity. The dry mass of leaves was reduced by 45% when saplings were defoliated by 75% compared to not defoliated saplings. Moreover, the total production of leaves significantly increased in the 75% defoliated saplings compared with control saplings. Artificial defoliation increased the relative biomass allocation to foliage, and this was more evident in defoliated than in mechanically insect-damaged saplings. Despite losing 25, 50 or 75% of leaf mass due to clipping, defoliated birch saplings recovered similar dry masses and root/shoot ratios by harvest as the non-defoliated saplings. Perforation and clipping parts of the leaves, as well as the artificial defoliations, caused the regrowth of biomass that did not significantly change compared to healthy silver birch saplings, and this phenomenon could be assessed as equal-compensatory growth.

ACS Style

I Varnagiryte-Kabašinskiene; V Araminiene; V Stakenas. Effects of artificial defoliation and simulated insect damage on the growth of Betula pendula saplings. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 2016, 9, 95 -100.

AMA Style

I Varnagiryte-Kabašinskiene, V Araminiene, V Stakenas. Effects of artificial defoliation and simulated insect damage on the growth of Betula pendula saplings. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2016; 9 (1):95-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I Varnagiryte-Kabašinskiene; V Araminiene; V Stakenas. 2016. "Effects of artificial defoliation and simulated insect damage on the growth of Betula pendula saplings." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 9, no. 1: 95-100.

Conference paper
Published: 19 November 2015 in Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015
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The study aims to determine the growth and health response of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens growing in the forest sites of different soil fertility and humidity in Lithuania. The analysed data was collected under the Forest Monitoring Level I of ICP-Forests program. Lithuanian forest sites classification described by Vaičys et al. (2006) was used for the data analyses. The obtained results show that better condition of B.pendula was recorded for the birch trees growing in more humid sites and for B. pubescens – growing in the dryer sites. Also it was found that the lowest defoliation was typical for dominant and codominant trees and it did not depend on site humidity. The highest data variation of B. pendula stem diameter between forest sites of different humidity were found in the birch stands up to 50 years old. For younger B. pendula trees, higher diameter was recorded in more humid sites compared to the less humid sites. The stem diameter of B. pubescens trees was higher in the sites with normal moisture and temporary overmoistured soils compared to those growing in the permanently overmoistured and peatland soils.Keywords: birch, defoliation, diameter, soil humidity, soil fertility

ACS Style

Valda Araminienė; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Vidas Stakėnas. FOREST SITE INFLUENCE ON BIRCH GROWTH AND HEALTH: LITHUANIAN CASE STUDY. Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Valda Araminienė, Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene, Vidas Stakėnas. FOREST SITE INFLUENCE ON BIRCH GROWTH AND HEALTH: LITHUANIAN CASE STUDY. Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valda Araminienė; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Vidas Stakėnas. 2015. "FOREST SITE INFLUENCE ON BIRCH GROWTH AND HEALTH: LITHUANIAN CASE STUDY." Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2009 in Annales Botanici Fennici
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Remigijus Ozolincius; Vidas Stakėnas; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Rasa Buožytė. Artificial Drought in Scots Pine Stands: Effects on Soil, Ground Vegetation and Tree Condition. Annales Botanici Fennici 2009, 46, 299 -307.

AMA Style

Remigijus Ozolincius, Vidas Stakėnas, Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene, Rasa Buožytė. Artificial Drought in Scots Pine Stands: Effects on Soil, Ground Vegetation and Tree Condition. Annales Botanici Fennici. 2009; 46 (4):299-307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Remigijus Ozolincius; Vidas Stakėnas; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene; Rasa Buožytė. 2009. "Artificial Drought in Scots Pine Stands: Effects on Soil, Ground Vegetation and Tree Condition." Annales Botanici Fennici 46, no. 4: 299-307.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2008 in Managing Forest Ecosystems
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Intensified forest biomass utilisation causes export of substantial amounts of nutrients from the forest ecosystem. Compared to conventional stems-only harvesting, the most intensive biomass sce nario causes increases in nutrient exports of up to 6-7 times whereas the biomass export increases only up to 2 times (Stupak et al. 2007a). High concentrations of nutrients in small branches, twigs, and leaves compared to stems are the main reason. The extensive export of nutrients related to intensive biomass extraction have for many years caused concern for the long-term fertility of the system among forest ecologists (Burger 2002, Blanco et al. 2005, Dyck et al. 1994, Egnell et al. 1998, Egnell et al. 2006).

ACS Style

Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Inge Stupak; Nicholas Clarke; Ingeborg Callesen; Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari; Erik Karltun; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene. Effects Of Very Intensive Forest Biomass Harvesting On Short And Long Term Site Productivity. Managing Forest Ecosystems 2008, 12, 29 -78.

AMA Style

Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Inge Stupak, Nicholas Clarke, Ingeborg Callesen, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari, Erik Karltun, Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene. Effects Of Very Intensive Forest Biomass Harvesting On Short And Long Term Site Productivity. Managing Forest Ecosystems. 2008; 12 ():29-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Inge Stupak; Nicholas Clarke; Ingeborg Callesen; Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari; Erik Karltun; Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene. 2008. "Effects Of Very Intensive Forest Biomass Harvesting On Short And Long Term Site Productivity." Managing Forest Ecosystems 12, no. : 29-78.