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The rapid urbanization and building boom in China in the past decades provided not only massive residential and nonresidential floor space, but also millions of jobs especially for migrants from rural areas. However, such high-speed growth of building stocks is not expected to continue forever and its dynamics, especially declining, may affect the job market of the construction sector and further China's social stability. Here, we extended a dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA) model that characterized the building stocks and flows to forecast the province-level direct labor demand in construction, installation, and decoration in mainland China from 1950 to 2050. We show that as China's per capita building stocks start to saturate in the next decades, building inflow will decrease with a speed of 2.6–2.7 billion m2/year, corresponding to a decrease of direct construction employment by 2–3 million by 2050. The flow of migrant workers from Central South and Southwestern China to construction in the Southeastern coast of China will remain until 2050. Our results exemplify the usefulness of dMFA for labor demand forecasting and call for proper governmental plans and policies in advance to train migrant workers for new labor markets and potential re-employment in face of the construction bubble and bust.
Qiance Liu; Litao Liu; Xiaojie Liu; Shenggong Li; Gang Liu. Building stock dynamics and the impact of construction bubble and bust on employment in China. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleQiance Liu, Litao Liu, Xiaojie Liu, Shenggong Li, Gang Liu. Building stock dynamics and the impact of construction bubble and bust on employment in China. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiance Liu; Litao Liu; Xiaojie Liu; Shenggong Li; Gang Liu. 2021. "Building stock dynamics and the impact of construction bubble and bust on employment in China." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.
Food loss and waste (FLW) hampers global food security, human health and environmental sustainability. However, monitoring and benchmarking FLW reduction is often constrained by the lack of reliable and consistent data, especially for emerging economies. Here we use 6 yr large-scale field surveys and literature data to quantify the FLW of major agrifood products along the entire farm-to-fork chain in China. We show that 27% of food annually produced for human consumption in the country (349 ± 4 Mt) is lost or wasted; 45% of this is associated with postharvest handling and storage and 13% with out-of-home consumption activities. We also show that the land, water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus footprints associated with total FLW are similar to those of a medium-sized country (such as the United Kingdom’s in the case of carbon footprint). These results highlight the importance of better primary data to inform FLW reduction actions and ensure food security and sustainability. Characterizing and quantifying food loss and waste (FLW) is key to the design of sustainable food systems. Based on field surveys and literature review, this study provides data on FLW in China for several commodities at specific stages of the food supply chain. Associated environmental footprints are also calculated under baseline conditions and for three hypothetical scenarios of FLW reduction, revealing the effectiveness of different intervention levels.
Li Xue; Xiaojie Liu; Shijun Lu; Guangyan Cheng; Yuanchao Hu; Junguo Liu; Zhengxia Dou; Shengkui Cheng; Gang Liu. China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts. Nature Food 2021, 2, 519 -528.
AMA StyleLi Xue, Xiaojie Liu, Shijun Lu, Guangyan Cheng, Yuanchao Hu, Junguo Liu, Zhengxia Dou, Shengkui Cheng, Gang Liu. China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts. Nature Food. 2021; 2 (7):519-528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Xue; Xiaojie Liu; Shijun Lu; Guangyan Cheng; Yuanchao Hu; Junguo Liu; Zhengxia Dou; Shengkui Cheng; Gang Liu. 2021. "China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts." Nature Food 2, no. 7: 519-528.
Neospora caninum is an important pathogen commonly causing spontaneous abortion in livestock. The parasite is known to remain in cysts in an inactive state; or it can undergo expansive development within an intermediate host. However, the mechanisms that trigger the proliferation of N. caninum have not been thoroughly elucidated. For various organisms, it has been demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) can act as important endogenous regulatory factors in gene regulation during cell differentiation and development. However, miRNAs and their function have not been studied in N. caninum. In this study, small RNA libraries from N. caninum tachyzoites (NC-1 strain) were analyzed using a high-throughput RNA sequencing technology combined with systematic bioinformatics analysis. A considerable number of novel miRNAs from N. caninum NC-1 strain tachyzoites were identified. Of the 300 miRNAs found by bioinformatics analysis, 10 were conserved miRNAs belonging to 10 metazoan miRNA families, while 290 were novel miRNAs. The expression of 13 novel miRNAs was verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Data from this study provided and identified authentic miRNAs for the first time in N. caninum. The study also introduces a framework for further investigations of RNAi-dependent regulatory mechanisms of the parasite and provides data for further understanding of N. caninum development.
Gang Liu; Lijun Jia; Qingyan Shao; Huijun Lu; Jixue Zhao; Jigang Yin. MicroRNA profiling of Neospora caninum tachyzoites (NC-1) using a high-throughput approach. Parasitology Research 2021, 120, 2165 -2174.
AMA StyleGang Liu, Lijun Jia, Qingyan Shao, Huijun Lu, Jixue Zhao, Jigang Yin. MicroRNA profiling of Neospora caninum tachyzoites (NC-1) using a high-throughput approach. Parasitology Research. 2021; 120 (6):2165-2174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Liu; Lijun Jia; Qingyan Shao; Huijun Lu; Jixue Zhao; Jigang Yin. 2021. "MicroRNA profiling of Neospora caninum tachyzoites (NC-1) using a high-throughput approach." Parasitology Research 120, no. 6: 2165-2174.
Urban subway system, as an important type of urban transportation infrastructure, can provide mass mobility service and help address urban sustainability challenges such as traffic congestion and air pollution. The continuous construction of subways, however, causes large amounts of construction materials and embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we characterized the patterns of subway development, construction material stocks, and embodied emissions covering all 219 cities in the world in which subways are found by July 2020. The global subway length reached 16,419 km in 2020, and the construction material stocks amounted to 2.5 gigatons, equaling to an embodied emission of 560 megatons. In particular, China’s subway system contributes to ~40% of the total global stocks, with a pattern of moderate and steady stocks growth before 2010 and a rapid expansion afterwards, implying the late-development advantages and infrastructure-based urbanization mode. Our results demonstrated that identifying the spatiotemporal characteristics of subway materials stocks development is imperative for benchmarking future resource demand, informing sustainable subway planning, prospecting urban mining and waste management opportunities and challenges, and mitigating the associated environmental impacts for global GHG emission reduction.
Ruichang Mao; Yi Bao; Huabo Duan; Gang Liu. Global urban subway development, construction material stocks, and embodied carbon emissions. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2021, 8, 1 -11.
AMA StyleRuichang Mao, Yi Bao, Huabo Duan, Gang Liu. Global urban subway development, construction material stocks, and embodied carbon emissions. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2021; 8 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuichang Mao; Yi Bao; Huabo Duan; Gang Liu. 2021. "Global urban subway development, construction material stocks, and embodied carbon emissions." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, no. 1: 1-11.
The dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Two main types of data are currently used to map stocks, night-time lights (NTL) from Earth-observing (EO) satellites and cadastral information. We present an alternative approach for broad-scale material stock mapping based on freely available high-resolution EO imagery and OpenStreetMap data. Maps of built-up surface area, building height, and building types were derived from optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 satellite data to map patterns of material stocks for Austria and Germany. Using material intensity factors, we calculated the mass of different types of buildings and infrastructures, distinguishing eight types of materials, at 10 m spatial resolution. The total mass of buildings and infrastructures in 2018 amounted to ∼5 Gt in Austria and ∼38 Gt in Germany (AT: ∼540 t/cap, DE: ∼450 t/cap). Cross-checks with independent data sources at various scales suggested that the method may yield more complete results than other data sources but could not rule out possible overestimations. The method yields thematic differentiations not possible with NTL, avoids the use of costly cadastral data, and is suitable for mapping larger areas and tracing trends over time.
Helmut Haberl; Dominik Wiedenhofer; Franz Schug; David Frantz; Doris Virág; Christoph Plutzar; Karin Gruhler; Jakob Lederer; Georg Schiller; Tomer Fishman; Maud Lanau; Andreas Gattringer; Thomas Kemper; Gang Liu; Hiroki Tanikawa; Sebastian van der Linden; Patrick Hostert. High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55, 3368 -3379.
AMA StyleHelmut Haberl, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Franz Schug, David Frantz, Doris Virág, Christoph Plutzar, Karin Gruhler, Jakob Lederer, Georg Schiller, Tomer Fishman, Maud Lanau, Andreas Gattringer, Thomas Kemper, Gang Liu, Hiroki Tanikawa, Sebastian van der Linden, Patrick Hostert. High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. Environmental Science & Technology. 2021; 55 (5):3368-3379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelmut Haberl; Dominik Wiedenhofer; Franz Schug; David Frantz; Doris Virág; Christoph Plutzar; Karin Gruhler; Jakob Lederer; Georg Schiller; Tomer Fishman; Maud Lanau; Andreas Gattringer; Thomas Kemper; Gang Liu; Hiroki Tanikawa; Sebastian van der Linden; Patrick Hostert. 2021. "High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 5: 3368-3379.
Cities generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions both in the construction phase of their built environment stocks and durable goods and in their operation phase with energy and material flows. Existing urban GHG accounting methods, however, focus largely on emissions related to energy and material flows and have rarely considered the role of urban stocks. In this article, we have extended urban stocks and flows analysis to urban GHG accounting, using bottom‐up and high‐resolution urban stocks and flows information for a case of Odense, Denmark. We introduced a complementary indicator of carbon replacement value (CRV) to account for emissions embodied in the urban stocks and determined the CRV of Odense as 10.7 megatons of CO2 equivalent (or 53 metric tons per capita) in 2017, equivalent to 13 years of Odense's operational emissions. The comparison between CRV and operational emissions across urban activities facilitates a better understanding of the carbon profile of the city and opportunities for decarbonization. Such urban metabolic based GHG accounting and inclusion of stocks can help to estimate the amount of GHG emissions to be expected from the further urbanization in developing countries as their urban stocks continue to increase and inform their potentials for leapfrogging in emission reduction.
Maud Lanau; Luca Herbert; Gang Liu. Extending urban stocks and flows analysis to urban greenhouse gas emission accounting: A case of Odense, Denmark. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMaud Lanau, Luca Herbert, Gang Liu. Extending urban stocks and flows analysis to urban greenhouse gas emission accounting: A case of Odense, Denmark. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaud Lanau; Luca Herbert; Gang Liu. 2021. "Extending urban stocks and flows analysis to urban greenhouse gas emission accounting: A case of Odense, Denmark." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.
Express delivery services are booming in both developed and emerging economies due to their low cost, convenience, and the fast growth in online shopping. The increasing environmental impacts of express delivery services and mitigation potentials, however, remain largely unexplored. Here we addressed such a gap for China, a country which is expanding online retail sales and express delivery rapidly. We found a total of 8.8 Mt of scrap packaging materials were generated by the express delivery sector in China in 2018. Its transportation-related GHG emissions surged from 0.3 Mt in 2007 to 13.7 Mt of CO2-equivalent (CO2e) in 2018, with an average of 0.27 kgCO2e per piece. Over 80% from online shopping deliveries. We predict these emissions will reach 75 MtCO2e by 2035. Nevertheless, it is possible to mitigate such GHG emissions by 102~134 MtCO2e between 2020 and 2035 if a suite of policies is adopted, including a slowdown of delivery speed, fuel system upgrades, packaging materials reduction, logistics optimization, and carbon pricing.
Peng Kang; Guanghan Song; Ming Xu; Travis R. Miller; Haikun Wang; Hui Zhang; Gang Liu; Ya Zhou; Junshu Ren; Ruoyu Zhong; Huabo Duan. Low-carbon pathways for the booming express delivery sector in China. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -8.
AMA StylePeng Kang, Guanghan Song, Ming Xu, Travis R. Miller, Haikun Wang, Hui Zhang, Gang Liu, Ya Zhou, Junshu Ren, Ruoyu Zhong, Huabo Duan. Low-carbon pathways for the booming express delivery sector in China. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng Kang; Guanghan Song; Ming Xu; Travis R. Miller; Haikun Wang; Hui Zhang; Gang Liu; Ya Zhou; Junshu Ren; Ruoyu Zhong; Huabo Duan. 2021. "Low-carbon pathways for the booming express delivery sector in China." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-8.
Tomato and tomato products are the most consumed vegetables worldwide. However, reduction of their relatively high emission intensity can be a key to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the agrifood sector. Using the European Union (EU) and its 28 member states as example, we mapped the mass flow and analyzed the efficiency of the entire tomato supply chain from farm to fork for the year 2016. We then explored potentials of a full spectrum of GHG emission mitigation strategies ranging from production‐efficiency improvement to process optimization, food‐waste reduction, trade‐pattern change, and diet‐structure change, both individually and in an integrated framework. The results showed that 63% of tomato loss and waste occurred at the processing and consumption stages (over half in Italy and Spain), and 54% of GHG emissions were from production (notably greenhouse based). Although the reduction of tomato products consumption (considered as the substitution by other vegetables) presented the highest potential of emissions reduction, reducing retailing and consumption waste were found to have great effect on GHG emissions reduction as well for all EU member states, especially for United Kingdom and Germany. The combined effects of different mitigation strategies with high levels of change could reduce GHG emissions by 39% compared to the current level.
Li Xue; Zhi Cao; Silvia Scherhaufer; Karin Östergren; Shengkui Cheng; Gang Liu. Mapping the EU tomato supply chain from farm to fork for greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2020, 25, 377 -389.
AMA StyleLi Xue, Zhi Cao, Silvia Scherhaufer, Karin Östergren, Shengkui Cheng, Gang Liu. Mapping the EU tomato supply chain from farm to fork for greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2020; 25 (2):377-389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Xue; Zhi Cao; Silvia Scherhaufer; Karin Östergren; Shengkui Cheng; Gang Liu. 2020. "Mapping the EU tomato supply chain from farm to fork for greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies." Journal of Industrial Ecology 25, no. 2: 377-389.
Household has been widely considered as the top contributor to food waste generation in industrialized countries. However, the characteristics and driving factors of household food waste generation in developing countries, particularly in rural areas, remain less understood. In the present work, we reported a case study for rural households in China, where food consumption structure has been undergoing rapid transformation, to explore the scales and drivers of rural household food waste generation. A direct-weighing method was used in a field survey for 207 rural households in 21 villages of 3 prefecture-level cities in Shandong province, northern China. We determined the average rural household food waste generation as 8.74 g/cap/meal (more than 90% was plant-based food waste in which nearly half was vegetable waste), a number much lower than that in high-income countries and the Chinese urban restaurants. We also found that such a number varies considerably by household (0–126.21 g/cap/meal), and almost half of surveyed households generated almost no food waste. Among the surveyed prefectural areas, food waste in Jinan was significantly higher than that in Dezhou and Weifang (P<0.01). Moreover, village type, household size, household income, household age structure, health status, pet keeping, household dietary diversity, and perception on food edibility are identified as key driving factors of food waste generation in Chinese rural households, while increased availability of information on food waste reduction and food storage conditions have relatively small but noteworthy impact on food waste reduction.
Yunyun Li; Ling-En Wang; Gang Liu; Shengkui Cheng. Rural household food waste characteristics and driving factors in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 164, 105209 .
AMA StyleYunyun Li, Ling-En Wang, Gang Liu, Shengkui Cheng. Rural household food waste characteristics and driving factors in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 164 ():105209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYunyun Li; Ling-En Wang; Gang Liu; Shengkui Cheng. 2020. "Rural household food waste characteristics and driving factors in China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 164, no. : 105209.
Food waste (FW) has become a global sustainability challenge due partly to its significant environmental impacts (e.g., greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) from traditional treatment methodologies such as landfill and incineration. This is particularly the case for developing countries, for example over 90% of FW in China is currently blended with municipal solid waste and disposed of by landfilling and incineration. The anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies for energy recovery, however, has often been identified as an effective approach for mitigating FW treatment related GHG emissions. In order to benchmark and quantify such reduction potentials, a dynamic model has been built to characterize the generation and flow of FW and treatment associated GHG emissions in China from 2001 to 2040. Our results show that the total FW generation from household and catering sectors reached 170 ± 30 Mt in 2018 and will steadily increase to approximately 220 ± 42 Mt by 2040. Accordingly, the FW treatment related GHG emissions reached 137 ± 26 Mt CO2e in 2018 and would rise to approximately 180 Mt±33 CO2e by 2040 if waste management continues with the current pattern in a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. Compared to the BAU scenario, the scenarios subject to AD technology implementation (from conservative to optimistic) could significantly reduce GHG emissions and ensure a proportional contribution of this sector to China’s national emission reduction goal (55% by 2025 and 65% by 2030 compared to 2005). Specifically, a cumulative amount of approximately 1.9 Bt CO2e could be mitigated between 2019 and 2040 under the optimistic scenario (with 60%, 80%, and 80%, respectively, of household food waste, catering food waste, and waste cooking oil treated by AD). These findings could not only inform evidence-based policy making to facilitate the waste-to-energy development for FW treatment in China, but also shed light on the sustainable FW management and AD technology implementation in other developing countries.
Hui Zhang; Gang Liu; Li Xue; Jian Zuo; Ting Chen; Arun Vuppaladadiyam; Huabo Duan. Anaerobic digestion based waste-to-energy technologies can halve the climate impact of China’s fast-growing food waste by 2040. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 277, 123490 .
AMA StyleHui Zhang, Gang Liu, Li Xue, Jian Zuo, Ting Chen, Arun Vuppaladadiyam, Huabo Duan. Anaerobic digestion based waste-to-energy technologies can halve the climate impact of China’s fast-growing food waste by 2040. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 277 ():123490.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHui Zhang; Gang Liu; Li Xue; Jian Zuo; Ting Chen; Arun Vuppaladadiyam; Huabo Duan. 2020. "Anaerobic digestion based waste-to-energy technologies can halve the climate impact of China’s fast-growing food waste by 2040." Journal of Cleaner Production 277, no. : 123490.
Understanding how long information and communications technology (ICT) products are used, when they are disposed of, and underlying drivers for consumer behavior, play a defining role in the potential success of current and future policy strategies on circularity in the electronics sector. In this study, we explored the service life and storage stages of four types of ICT products in Denmark, namely mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and desktop personal computers (PCs), using dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) with sales-stock-lifetime reconciliation capability. Further, we characterized the stock of products in Denmark and its dynamics from 1990 to 2018, and extract evidence on how obsolescence and technological shifts affect product service life. Results showed that the active use stock of analyzed ICT products has either stabilized (mobile phones, laptops, tablets) or is decreasing (feature phones, desktop PCs). The dead storage stock of smartphones, laptops and tablets continues to expand and in 2018 accounted for 30% of their combined total stock. Results highlight that the technological shift from feature phones to smartphones was likely accompanied by a drop in mobile phone service lifetime from 3 years to around 2 years between 2008 and 2012. Furthermore, our results suggest that product physical obsolescence was not the main driver for the length of service life, while intangible product qualities may play a significant role.
Dmitry Zhilyaev; Ciprian Cimpan; Zhi Cao; Gang Liu; Søren Askegaard; Henrik Wenzel. WITHDRAWN: The living, the dead, and the obsolete: A characterization of lifetime and stock of ICT products in Denmark. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 2020, 100043 .
AMA StyleDmitry Zhilyaev, Ciprian Cimpan, Zhi Cao, Gang Liu, Søren Askegaard, Henrik Wenzel. WITHDRAWN: The living, the dead, and the obsolete: A characterization of lifetime and stock of ICT products in Denmark. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X. 2020; ():100043.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDmitry Zhilyaev; Ciprian Cimpan; Zhi Cao; Gang Liu; Søren Askegaard; Henrik Wenzel. 2020. "WITHDRAWN: The living, the dead, and the obsolete: A characterization of lifetime and stock of ICT products in Denmark." Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X , no. : 100043.
Cement plays a dual role in the global carbon cycle like a sponge: its massive production contributes significantly to present-day global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, yet its hydrated products gradually reabsorb substantial amounts of atmospheric CO2 (carbonation) in the future. The role of this sponge effect along the cement cycle (including production, use, and demolition) in carbon emissions mitigation, however, remains hitherto unexplored. Here, we quantify the effects of demand- and supply-side mitigation measures considering this material-energy-emissions-uptake nexus, finding that climate goals would be imperiled if the growth of cement stocks continues. Future reabsorption of CO2 will be significant (~30% of cumulative CO2 emissions from 2015 to 2100), but climate goal compliant net CO2 emissions reduction along the global cement cycle will require both radical technology advancements (e.g., carbon capture and storage) and widespread deployment of material efficiency measures, which go beyond those envisaged in current technology roadmaps.
Zhi Cao; Rupert J. Myers; Richard C. Lupton; Huabo Duan; Romain Sacchi; Nan Zhou; T. Reed Miller; Jonathan M. Cullen; Quansheng Ge; Gang Liu. The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -9.
AMA StyleZhi Cao, Rupert J. Myers, Richard C. Lupton, Huabo Duan, Romain Sacchi, Nan Zhou, T. Reed Miller, Jonathan M. Cullen, Quansheng Ge, Gang Liu. The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhi Cao; Rupert J. Myers; Richard C. Lupton; Huabo Duan; Romain Sacchi; Nan Zhou; T. Reed Miller; Jonathan M. Cullen; Quansheng Ge; Gang Liu. 2020. "The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-9.
The booming dockless sharing bikes (DSBs) in China, as a new sharing economy business model, have attracted increasing public and academic attention after 2015. The impact of DSBs development on the stocks and flows of bikes and the resource and climate consequences of short-lived DSBs, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the stocks and flows of both DSBs and regular private bikes in China from 1950 to 2020 and evaluated the carbon cost and benefit of booming DSBs. We found China's bike consumption and stock decreased slightly after a fast development from the late 1970s and then a peak in the mid-1990s, resulting in a relatively low ownership of approximately 0.3 unit per person and 70% of production being exported in recent years. Despite a temporal boost, the unsustainable development of DSBs may affect the bike industry in the long term, because of its skyrocketing market share (from less than 1% to 80%) and short lifetime. Nevertheless, DSBs development still leads to an overall climate gain in China, due to its higher stock efficiency and potentials to substitute more carbon intensive trips. We suggest an urgent need for more empirical studies on the use (e.g., substitution ratio for other transportation models) of DSBs in China and a necessity for better management of DSB development with efforts of all relevant stakeholders.
Wu Chen; Qiance Liu; Chao Zhang; Zhifu Mi; Dajian Zhu; Gang Liu. Characterizing the stocks, flows, and carbon impact of dockless sharing bikes in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 162, 105038 .
AMA StyleWu Chen, Qiance Liu, Chao Zhang, Zhifu Mi, Dajian Zhu, Gang Liu. Characterizing the stocks, flows, and carbon impact of dockless sharing bikes in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 162 ():105038.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu Chen; Qiance Liu; Chao Zhang; Zhifu Mi; Dajian Zhu; Gang Liu. 2020. "Characterizing the stocks, flows, and carbon impact of dockless sharing bikes in China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 162, no. : 105038.
As the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases with a dominant share of coal-fired power, China is expecting a continuous clean power transition in the next decades. However, the development of power generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure requires significant amount of construction materials, therefore an understanding of the corresponding materials demand and waste generation would be important. In this paper, we deployed a dynamic, bottom-up, and technology-specific material flow analysis approach to characterize the stocks and flows of four major construction materials (cement, steel, aluminum, and copper) associated with China's power infrastructure development from 1980 to 2050. We found that the material stocks of China's power infrastructure have increased from 30 ± 4 Mt in 1980 to 573 ± 91 Mt in 2018 (an annual growth rate of 7.7%) and will further increase to 1188 Mt and 1487 Mt in 2050, respectively, in the two energy development scenarios we constructed. While thermal and hydro power contributed the most to stocks growth in the past two decades, solar and wind power are expected to contribute more in the future. A more metal-intensive energy future is foreseen due to increasing use of steel and aluminum in renewable energy generation and use of copper and aluminum in power transmission and distribution. These patterns reflect the physical material basis of China's power transition and call for better understanding of the energy-material nexus for addressing the dual challenge of satisfying growing materials demand and addressing increasing amount of waste and environmental impacts in the next decades.
Fangyi Li; Zhaoyang Ye; Xilin Xiao; Jingjing Xu; Gang Liu. Material stocks and flows of power infrastructure development in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 160, 104906 .
AMA StyleFangyi Li, Zhaoyang Ye, Xilin Xiao, Jingjing Xu, Gang Liu. Material stocks and flows of power infrastructure development in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 160 ():104906.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFangyi Li; Zhaoyang Ye; Xilin Xiao; Jingjing Xu; Gang Liu. 2020. "Material stocks and flows of power infrastructure development in China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 160, no. : 104906.
Improving our comprehension of the weight and spatial distribution of urban built environment stocks is essential for informing urban resource, waste, and environmental management, but this is often hampered by inaccuracy and inconsistency of the typology and material composition data of buildings and infrastructure. Here, we have integrated big data mining and analytics techniques and compiled a local material composition database to address these gaps, for a detailed characterization of the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution (in 500 m × 500 m grids) of the urban built environment stocks in Beijing in 2018. We found that 3621 megatons (140 ton/cap) of construction materials were accumulated in Beijing's buildings and infrastructure, equaling to 1141 Mt of embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings contribute the most (63% of total, roughly half in residential and half in nonresidential) to the total stock and the subsurface stocks account for almost half. Spatially, the belts between 3 and 7 km from city center (approximately 5 t/m2) and commercial grids (approximately 8 t/m2) became the densest. Correlation analyses between material stocks and socioeconomic factors at a high resolution reveal an inverse relationship between building and road stock densities and suggest that Beijing is sacrificing skylines for space in urban expansion. Our results demonstrate that harnessing emerging big data and analytics (e.g., point of interest data and web crawling) could help realize more spatially refined characterization of built environment stocks and highlight the role of such information and urban planning in urban resource, waste, and environmental strategies.
Ruichang Mao; Yi Bao; Zhou Huang; Qiance Liu; Gang Liu. High-Resolution Mapping of the Urban Built Environment Stocks in Beijing. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 5345 -5355.
AMA StyleRuichang Mao, Yi Bao, Zhou Huang, Qiance Liu, Gang Liu. High-Resolution Mapping of the Urban Built Environment Stocks in Beijing. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (9):5345-5355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuichang Mao; Yi Bao; Zhou Huang; Qiance Liu; Gang Liu. 2020. "High-Resolution Mapping of the Urban Built Environment Stocks in Beijing." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 9: 5345-5355.
The significant amount of secondary materials stocked in products, buildings, and infrastructures has directed increasing attention to urban mining and circular economy. Circular economy strategies and activities in the construction industry are, however, often hindered by a lack of detailed knowledge on the type, amount, and distribution of secondary materials in the urban built environment. In this study, we developed such an urban resource cadaster through an integration of the geo-localized, bottom-up material stock analysis with primary data on building material intensity coefficients, for a case of Odense, the third largest city in Denmark that is undergoing major construction works. We quantified the total amount and spatial (including vertical) distribution of 46 construction materials stocked in buildings (residential and nonresidential), roads, and pipe networks (wastewater, water supply and natural gas). In total, 66.7 megatons (or 329 tons per capita) of construction materials are stocked in Odense, in which aboveground stock only makes up for a third but hosts a wide variety of materials. This urban resource cadaster at high resolution can inform a variety of stakeholders along the value chain of construction industry to better plan for construction materials and component recovery and smart waste management.
Maud Lanau; Gang Liu. Developing an Urban Resource Cadaster for Circular Economy: A Case of Odense, Denmark. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 4675 -4685.
AMA StyleMaud Lanau, Gang Liu. Developing an Urban Resource Cadaster for Circular Economy: A Case of Odense, Denmark. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (7):4675-4685.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaud Lanau; Gang Liu. 2020. "Developing an Urban Resource Cadaster for Circular Economy: A Case of Odense, Denmark." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 7: 4675-4685.
Polyamines are small cationic amines required for modulating multiple cell process, including cell growth and DNA and RNA stability. In Salmonella polyamines are primarily synthesized from L-arginine or L-ornithine. Based on a previous study, which demonstrated that polyamines affect the expression of virulence gene in S. Typhimurium, we investigated the role of polyamines in the global gene and protein expression in S. Typhimurium. The depletion of polyamine biosynthesis led to down-regulation of genes encoding structural components of the Type Three Secretion system 1 (TTSS1) and its secreted effectors. Interestingly, Expression of HilA, which is the master regulator of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1), was only reduced at the post-transcriptional in the polyamine mutant. Enzymes related to biosynthesis and/or transport of several amino acids were up-regulated, just as the Mg2+-transport systems were three to six-fold up-regulated at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Furthermore, in the polyamine depletion mutant, proteins related to stress response (IbpA, Dps, SodB), were 2-5 fold up-regulated. Together our data provide strong evidence that polyamine depletion affects expression of proteins linked with virulence and stress response of S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, polyamines positively affected translation of HilA, the major regulator of SPI1.
Priscila R. Guerra; Gang Liu; Sebastien Lemire; Arkadiusz Nawrockic; Egle Kudirkiene; Jakob Møller-Jensen; John E. Olsen; Lotte Jelsbak. Polyamine depletion has global effects on stress and virulence gene expression and affects HilA translation in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Research in Microbiology 2020, 171, 143 -152.
AMA StylePriscila R. Guerra, Gang Liu, Sebastien Lemire, Arkadiusz Nawrockic, Egle Kudirkiene, Jakob Møller-Jensen, John E. Olsen, Lotte Jelsbak. Polyamine depletion has global effects on stress and virulence gene expression and affects HilA translation in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Research in Microbiology. 2020; 171 (3-4):143-152.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscila R. Guerra; Gang Liu; Sebastien Lemire; Arkadiusz Nawrockic; Egle Kudirkiene; Jakob Møller-Jensen; John E. Olsen; Lotte Jelsbak. 2020. "Polyamine depletion has global effects on stress and virulence gene expression and affects HilA translation in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium." Research in Microbiology 171, no. 3-4: 143-152.
The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the likelihood of a supply disruption of a material and the vulnerability of a system (e.g. a national economy, technology, or company) to this disruption. Inconclusive outcomes of various studies suggest that criticality assessments would benefit from the identification of best practices. To prepare the field for such guidance, this paper aims to clarify the mechanisms that affect methodological choices which influence the results of a study. This is achieved via literature review and round table discussions among international experts. The paper demonstrates that criticality studies are divergent in the system under study, the anticipated risk, the purpose of the study, and material selection. These differences in goal and scope naturally result in different choices regarding indicator selection, the required level of aggregation as well as the subsequent choice of aggregation method, and the need for a threshold value. However, this link is often weak, which suggests a lack of understanding of cause-and-effect mechanisms of indicators and outcomes. Data availability is a key factor that limits the evaluation of criticality. Furthermore, data quality, including both data uncertainty and data representativeness, is rarely addressed in the interpretation and communication of results. Clear guidance in the formulation of goals and scopes of criticality studies, the selection of adequate indicators and aggregation methods, and the interpretation of the outcomes, are important initial steps in improving the quality of criticality assessments.
Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 155, 104617 .
AMA StyleDieuwertje Schrijvers, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla van Ellen, Roland Gauss, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Atsufumi Hirohata, Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink, Jan Kosmol, Maïté Le Gleuher, Milan Grohol, Anthony Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Gang Liu, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Armin Reller, Guido Sonnemann, Luis Tercero, Andrea Thorenz, Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 155 ():104617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. 2020. "A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155, no. : 104617.
Background The associations of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure with blood lipids and lipoproteins are inconsistent, and existing studies did not account for metabolic heterogeneity of lipoprotein subspecies. This study aimed to examine the associations between plasma PFAS concentrations and lipoprotein and apolipoprotein subspecies. Methods The study included 326 men and women from the 2-year Prevention of Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS) Lost randomized trial. Five PFASs, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), were measured in plasma at baseline. For lipoprotein and apolipoprotein subspecies, total plasma was fractionated first by apolipoprotein (apo) C-III content and then by density. Each subfraction was then measured for apoB, apoC-III, and apoE concentrations, as well as triglyceride and cholesterol contents, both at baseline and at 2 years. Results For lipids and apolipoproteins in total plasma at baseline, elevated plasma PFAS concentrations were significantly associated with higher apoB and apoC-III concentrations, but not with total cholesterol or triglycerides. After multivariate adjustment of lifestyle factors, lipid-lowering medication use, and dietary intervention groups, PFAS concentrations were primarily associated with lipids or apolipoprotein concentrations in intermediate-to-low density lipoprotein (IDL + LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that contain apoC-III. Comparing the highest and lowest tertiles of PFOA, the least-square means (SE) (mg/dl) were 4.16 (0.4) vs 3.47 (0.4) for apoB (P trend = 0.04), 2.03 (0.2) vs 1.66 (0.2) for apoC-III (P trend = 0.04), and 8.4 (0.8) vs 6.8 (0.8) for triglycerides (P trend = 0.03) in IDL + LDL fraction that contains apoC-III. For HDL that contains apoC-III, comparing the highest and lowest tertiles of PFOA, the least-square means (SE) (mg/dl) of apoC-III were 11.9 (0.7) vs 10.4 (0.7) (P trend = 0.01). In addition, elevated PFNA and PFDA concentrations were also significantly associated with higher concentrations of apoE in HDL that contains apoC-III (P trend< 0.01). Similar patterns of associations were demonstrated between baseline PFAS concentrations and lipoprotein subspecies measured at 2 years. Baseline PFAS levels were not associated with changes in lipoprotein subspecies during the intervention. Conclusions Our results suggest that plasma PFAS concentrations are primarily associated with blood lipids and apolipoproteins in subspecies of IDL, LDL, and HDL that contain apoC-III, which are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies. Future studies of PFAS-associated cardiovascular risk should focus on lipid subfractions.
Gang Liu; Bo Zhang; Yang Hu; Jennifer Rood; Liming Liang; Lu Qi; George A. Bray; Lilian DeJonge; Brent Coull; Philippe Grandjean; Jeremy D. Furtado; Qi Sun. Associations of Perfluoroalkyl substances with blood lipids and Apolipoproteins in lipoprotein subspecies: the POUNDS-lost study. Environmental Health 2020, 19, 1 -10.
AMA StyleGang Liu, Bo Zhang, Yang Hu, Jennifer Rood, Liming Liang, Lu Qi, George A. Bray, Lilian DeJonge, Brent Coull, Philippe Grandjean, Jeremy D. Furtado, Qi Sun. Associations of Perfluoroalkyl substances with blood lipids and Apolipoproteins in lipoprotein subspecies: the POUNDS-lost study. Environmental Health. 2020; 19 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Liu; Bo Zhang; Yang Hu; Jennifer Rood; Liming Liang; Lu Qi; George A. Bray; Lilian DeJonge; Brent Coull; Philippe Grandjean; Jeremy D. Furtado; Qi Sun. 2020. "Associations of Perfluoroalkyl substances with blood lipids and Apolipoproteins in lipoprotein subspecies: the POUNDS-lost study." Environmental Health 19, no. 1: 1-10.
Renewable energy technologies are typically material-intensive in terms of the manufacturing and construction of the infrastructure. In particular, wind power needs a huge foundation and three long blades on a high tower to capture and convert wind energy into electricity. Wind power development in China has been soaring, and the sector has inherited regional disparities. Therefore, an analysis of the material efficiency of the country’s wind power infrastructure system in a spatially and temporally explicit manner will contribute to the green transition of wind power in China. In this study, a bottom-up material flow analysis model and efficiency indicators, including the averaged material intensity (AMI) and the material stock efficiency (MSE), are developed using high-resolution material inventory data to quantify the material in-use stock of China’s wind power sector from 1989 to 2018. The results show that the total material stock of China’s wind power sector reached 172.2 Mt by the end of 2018, and the dominant materials were concrete (85.9%) and steel (17.9%). The AMI decreased from 1615 t/MW in 1989 to 736 t/MW in 2018, presenting a notable dematerialization trend, along with a periodic upgrade in wind turbine sizes. The MSE showed significant spatial disparities, ranging from 35 MWh/kg in Gansu to 66 MWh/kg in Fujian in 2018. Strategies to enhance the material efficiency associated with deploying wind power in China include the design and manufacturing of larger wind turbines, balancing the disparity between production and demand, and coordinating policies between central and local governments to reduce curtailment.
Juhua Yang; Lixiao Zhang; Yuan Chang; Yan Hao; Gang Liu; Qin Yan; Yuanhao Zhao. Understanding the material efficiency of the wind power sector in China: A spatial-temporal assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 155, 104668 .
AMA StyleJuhua Yang, Lixiao Zhang, Yuan Chang, Yan Hao, Gang Liu, Qin Yan, Yuanhao Zhao. Understanding the material efficiency of the wind power sector in China: A spatial-temporal assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 155 ():104668.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuhua Yang; Lixiao Zhang; Yuan Chang; Yan Hao; Gang Liu; Qin Yan; Yuanhao Zhao. 2020. "Understanding the material efficiency of the wind power sector in China: A spatial-temporal assessment." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 155, no. : 104668.