Cancer, the most common condition worldwide, ranks second in terms of the number of human deaths, surpassing cardiovascular diseases. Uncontrolled cell multiplication and resistance to cell death are the traditional features of cancer. The myriad of treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy to treat this disease. Conventional chemotherapy drug delivery suffers from issues such as the risk of damage to benign cells, which can cause toxicity, and a few tumor cells withstand apoptosis, thereby increasing the likelihood of developing tolerance. The side effects of cancer chemotherapy are often more pronounced than its benefits. Regarding drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, their bioavailability and stability in the tumor microenvironment are the most important issues that need immediate addressing. Hence, an effective and reliable drug delivery system through which both rapid and precise targeting of treatment can be achieved is urgently needed. In this work, we discuss the development of various nanobased carriers in the advancement of cancer therapy—their properties, the potential of polymers for drug delivery, and recent advances in formulations. Additionally, we discuss the use of tumor metabolism-rewriting nanomedicines in strengthening antitumor immune responses and mRNA-based nanotherapeutics in inhibiting tumor progression. We also examine several issues, such as nanotoxicological studies, including their distribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Although significant attention is being given to nanotechnology, equal attention is needed in laboratories that produce nanomedicines so that they can record themselves in clinical trials. Furthermore, these medicines in clinical trials display overwhelming results with reduced side effects, as well as their ability to modify the dose of the drug.

This paper outlines a methodical approach for isolating 6-gingerol (1a) from Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes on a gram-scale, resulting in a product of high purity and significant yield. Further, 6-gingerol (1a) [SSG1] derivatives, including 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decane-3,5-dione (1ab), were synthesized via a semi-synthetic pathway involving DMP-mediated fast oxidation and replication. Subsequently, a new series of 1,4-benzodiazepines (3a-c) was synthesized quantitatively using a basic technique. This synthesis necessitated the interaction of 1ab with various o-phenylenediamine (2a-c) compounds. Spectroscopic methods were employed to characterize the synthesized 1,4-benzodiazepines (3a-c)[SSG2, SSG3 & SSG4]. Despite extensive investments by pharmaceutical companies in traditional drug research and development for diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D), successful treatments remain elusive. Medication repurposing has gained traction as a strategy to address not only diabetes but also other disorders. Leveraging existing molecular pharmacology data accelerates the development of new medications. This paper underscores the importance of repurposing traditional medicines to combat a range of communicable and non-communicable diseases, offering a promising avenue for therapeutic advancement. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested that one derivative (SSG2) exhibited stronger binding affinity compared to the reference standards. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the potential of semi-synthetic gingerol derivatives for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Oxidative stress is the key factor that strengthens free radical generation which stimulates lung inflammation. The aim was to explore antioxidant, bronchodilatory along with anti-asthmatic potential of folkloric plants and the aqueous methanolic crude extract of Ipomoea nil (In.Cr) seeds which may demonstrate as more potent, economically affordable, having an improved antioxidant profile and providing evidence as exclusive therapeutic agents in respiratory pharmacology. In vitro antioxidant temperament was executed by DPPH, TFC, TPC and HPLC in addition to enzyme inhibition (cholinesterase) analysis; a bronchodilator assay on rabbit’s trachea as well as in vivo OVA-induced allergic asthmatic activity was performed on mice. In vitro analysis of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) expressed as % inhibition 86.28 ± 0.25 with IC₅₀ 17.22 ± 0.56 mol/L, TPC 115.5 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g of dry sample, TFC 50.44 ± 1.06 mg QE/g dry weight of sample, inhibition in cholinesterase levels for acetyl and butyryl with IC₅₀ (0.60 ± 0.67 and 1.5 ± 0.04 mol/L) in comparison with standard 0.06 ± 0.002 and 0.30 ± 0.003, respectively, while HPLC characterization of In.Cr confirmed the existence with identification as well as quantification of various polyphenolics and flavonoids i.e., gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and others. However, oral gavage of In.Cr at different doses in rabbits showed a better brochodilation profile as compared to carbachol and K⁺-induced bronchospasm. More significant (p < 0.01) reduction in OVA-induced allergic hyper-responses i.e., inflammatory cells grade, antibody IgE as well as altered IFN-α in airways were observed at three different doses of In.Cr. It can be concluded that sound mechanistic basis i.e., the existence of antioxidants: various phenolic and flavonoids, calcium antagonist(s) as well as enzymes’ inhibition profile, validates folkloric consumptions of this traditionally used plant to treat ailments of respiration.

In the current study, the combined anti-tumor efficacy of bioactive hydroxyapatite nano- particles (HA-NPs) loaded with altretamine (ALT) was evaluated. The well-known fact that HA has great biological compatibility was confirmed through the findings of the hemolytic experiments and a maximum IC₅₀ value seen in the MTT testing. The preparation of HA-NPs was performed using the chemical precipitation process. An in vitro release investigation was conducted, and the results demonstrated the sustained drug release of the altretamine-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (ALT-HA-NPs). Studies using the JURKAT E6.1 cell lines MTT assay, and cell uptake, as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic tests using Wistar rats demonstrated that the ALT-HA-NPs were easily absorbed by the cells. A putative synergism between the action of the Ca²⁺ ions and the anticancer drug obtained from the carrier was indicated by the fact that the ALT-HA-NPs displayed cytotoxicity comparable to the free ALT at 1/10th of the ALT concentration. It has been suggested that a rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ ions causes cells to undergo apoptosis. Ehrlich’s ascites model in Balb/c mice showed comparable synergistic efficacy in a tumor regression trial. While the ALT-HA-NPs were able to shrink the tumor size by six times, the free ALT was only able to reduce the tumor volume by half.

Hexaconazole is a known fungicide for agricultural purposes. It has bioaccumulation ability which makes it important for its toxicological characterization. There are various neurological impacts of pollutants on human health. Therefore, in this study, we have done predictive analyses of the interaction mechanism of hexaconazole by molecular interaction analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, and Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) to assess hexaconazole’s potency to disrupt the homeostasis of glucocerebrosidase (−7.9 kcal/mol) and parkin (−5.67 kcal/mol) proteins which have significant roles in the manifestation of Parkinson disease. The findings reveal that hexaconazole has the potency to form stable interactions with glucocerebrosidase and parkin. This research provides a molecular and atomic-level understanding of how hexaconazole exposure may disrupt the homeostasis of glucocerebrosidase and parkin. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration, and hydrogen bonding exhibited the potent molecular interactions of hexaconazole, which may lead to neurological manifestations such as Parkinson disease.