Background: Excessive screen time in young children is associated with many harmful consequences including screen dependency. Research has shown a worrying prevalence of media-related dependency among adolescents and pre-school children. There are a few available questionnaires among adolescents but none for pre-school children. This study aimed to design and validate a questionnaire to assess screen dependency among pre-school children aged 4 to 6 years old. Methodology: A cross-sectional two-phase study was carried out to develop the scale. In phase 1, a preliminary parent-report measure questionnaire was developed in Bahasa Malaysia. Later, it was sent to four experts for content validity followed by face validity. In Phase 2, a total of 386 parents of pre-school children aged 4 to 6 years old, split into two samples, were involved in the field study for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Result: Sample 1 was used to perform EFA to determine the factorial structure of the SDS. All items with a factor loading of >0.4 were included. Sample 2 was used to perform the CFA. RMSEA and CFI analysis showed that the SDS has a good fit and confirms the dimensional structure found via EFA. The final questionnaire consists of 15 items with a 4 factors’ structure and has excellent internal consistency reliability. Conclusions: The Screen Dependency Scale (SDS) is a reliable and valid questionnaire to detect screen dependency among pre-school children aged 4 to 6 years old in Malaysia.

Introduction: The diabetic foot at risk is the diabetic foot which is at risk of ulceration, hence the importance of identifying the foot at this stage. This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetic foot at risk and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients’ attending primary health clinics in Kuantan. Methods and methods : This was a cross-sectional study conducted at four primary health clinics in Kuantan involving 450 study participants who were selected by using universal sampling method. Foot examination was carried out and foot at risk was classified based on the Kings’ Classification. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify the predictors for diabetic foot at risk. Results: The prevalence of diabetic foot at risk was 31.3%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), smoker (OR 4.11, 95% CI: 1.96-8.63) and duration of diabetes more than 10 years (OR1.77, 95% CI: 1.05-2.98) as risk factors for diabetic foot at risk. Respondents with higher diabetic foot practice score (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98) have lesser risk of developing diabetic foot at risk. Conclusion: Patients who are older, smoker and/or have chronic diabetes are predicted to be at higher risk to develop the diabetic foot at risk. This study also showed that patients with better foot care practice has lesser risk. Therefore, these are the groups of patients that need to be targeted for early detection and intervention to prevent serious complications.

Introduction: Smartphones has now become a common and almost essential tool in our daily living activities. Students are among those who uses smartphones regularly which could lead to addiction if overused. This study aims to measure the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relationship with psychological health among clinical year medical students in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan. Materials and method: A total of 203 Medical students in their clinical years were recruited via quota sampling method. The students filled in a four part online-based questionnaire consisted of questions on sociodemographic characteristics, smartphone usage information, Smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV) and WHOQOL-BREF. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Result: The prevalence of smartphone addiction among clinical year Medical students in IIUM was 51%. Bivariate analysis showed that majority of students chose social networking as their primary purpose of smartphone usage and this is significantly associated with smartphone addiction (p-value:0.037). Following multiple logistic regression analysis, students who had chosen games as their primary purpose of smartphone usage are 88% less likely to be related with smartphone addiction (p-value: 0.009, 95% CI: 0.025-0.595) compared to those who used it for academic performance tasks. Students who are not addicted to smartphones reported significantly better psychological quality of life compared to those who are addicted (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Half of IIUM’s Medical students in clinical years have smartphone addiction and those with smartphone addiction was found to have poor psychological health. Immediate intervention such as creating awareness in the campus is important in curbing this problem.

Objective: Smartphones have now become a common and almost essential tool in our daily living activities. Students are among those who use smartphones regularly, which could lead to addiction if overused. This study aims to measure the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relationship with psychological health among clinical year medical students in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan. Methods: A total of 226 medical students in their clinical years were recruited through quota sampling method. The students filled in a four-part online-based questionnaire consisted of questions on sociodemographic characteristics, smartphone usage information, smartphone addiction scale-short version, and WHOQOL-BREF. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: The prevalence of smartphone addiction among clinical year medical students in IIUM was 51%. Bivariate analysis showed that the majority of students chose social networking as their primary purpose of using a smartphone, and this was significantly associated with smartphone addiction (p=0.037). Following multiple logistic regression analysis, students who had chosen games as their primary purpose of smartphone users are 88% less likely to be related with smartphone addiction (p=0.009, 95% CI: 0.025–0.595) as compared to those who used it for academic performance tasks. Students who were not addicted to smartphones reported significantly better psychological quality of life compared to those who were addicted (p<0.001). Conclusion: Half of IIUM’s medical students in clinical years was found to have smartphone addiction, and those with smartphone addiction had poor psychological health. Immediate intervention such as creating awareness in the campus is important in curbing this problem.

Exercise has been proven to have many significant positive physical, mental and social effects. It makes our body healthier, reduces stress levels and improves relationships with others. However, not much is known about the negative effects of exercise as the benefits of exercise are more visible. In excess, some people who could develop one of the substantial negative effects of exercise called exercise addiction. The complications of exercise addiction can be seen in the form of injuries, stress, anxiety and social relationship problems. Early detection of a person with high risk of exercise addiction can prevent its complications by instituting an early intervention. This review aims to examine the available literature on exercise addiction as well as to elicit available psychometric tools that can be used to detect exercise addiction.

Introduction: Diabetes patients are predisposed to several micro as well as macrovascular complications. One most important and debilitating complication of diabetes are foot problems. However, it is preventable by simple intervention such as foot screening and foot care education to detect early problem so that early intervention can be done. This study aims to assess foot care practice among Type 2 diabetes patient attending primary health clinics in Kuantan. Materials and method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at four primary health clinics in Kuantan involving 450 study participants who were selected by using convenient sampling method. Level of awareness and practice towards diabetic foot care was assessed using validated self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with foot care practice among the respondents. Results: Mean age of respondents involved was 56.36 (SD±10.9) years. About 59.6 % of respondents had poor foot care practice. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that, increasing age (aOR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.955-0.993) and good awareness towards foot problem (aOR 0.43, 95%CI: 0.289-0.643) were associated with good foot care practice. However, Malay patients (aOR 1.81, 95% CI: 1.002-3.271) and obese patients (aOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.225-2.976) were associated with poor foot care practice after controlling other variables. Other factors such as education level, diabetes control as well as overweight did not show any significant association with foot care practice. Conclusion: Based on the result, majority of respondents had poor foot care practice. Poor awareness was associated with poor foot care practice. It can be concluded that sustainable patient education and compliance towards foot care practice at primary care level should be emphasized more to ensure good foot care practice implementation.