Cinnamomum camphora methanolic extract was tested for antifungal activity against three common, isolated, widespread phytopathogens: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum, which were molecularly identified and assigned accession numbers ON795987, ON795988, and ON795989, respectively. At 4000 µg/mL, the highest concentration of C. camphora methanolic extract inhibits the fungal mycelia weight of F. oxysporum, A. alternata, and F. solani by 60, 49, and 24%, respectively. The presence of several bioactive metabolites in the C. camphora extract could explain its antifungal activity. The presence of numerous phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract was revealed by HPLC analysis, including catechin and gallic acid, which had the highest concentrations of 6.21 and 6.98 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, osmoprotectants, total amino acids, and glycine betaine were abundant. Furthermore, total antioxidant activities, as measured by PMA and DPPH, were significant. The most abundant compound in the extract, according to GC-MS analysis, was mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid. Based on its in vitro efficacy in inhibiting mycelial growth weight, the tested extract could be recommended as a safe fungicide instead of a chemical treatment.

Human SARS-CoV-2 and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are highly contagious and deadly coronaviruses, causing devastating respiratory diseases in humans and chickens. The lack of effective therapeutics exacerbates the impact of outbreaks associated with SARS-CoV-2 and IBV infections. Thus, novel drugs or therapeutic agents are highly in demand for controlling viral transmission and disease progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secreted factors (secretome) are safe and efficient alternatives to stem cells in MSC-based therapies. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potentials of human Wharton’s jelly MSC secretome (hWJ-MSC-S) against SARS-CoV-2 and IBV infections in vitro and in ovo. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀), cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀), and selective index (SI) values of hWJ-MSC-S were determined using Vero-E6 cells. The virucidal, anti-adsorption, and anti-replication antiviral mechanisms of hWJ-MSC-S were evaluated. The hWJ-MSC-S significantly inhibited infection of SARS-CoV-2 and IBV, without affecting the viability of cells and embryos. Interestingly, hWJ-MSC-S reduced viral infection by >90%, in vitro. The IC₅₀ and SI of hWJ-MSC secretome against SARS-CoV-2 were 166.6 and 235.29 µg/mL, respectively, while for IBV, IC₅₀ and SI were 439.9 and 89.11 µg/mL, respectively. The virucidal and anti-replication antiviral effects of hWJ-MSC-S were very prominent compared to the anti-adsorption effect. In the in ovo model, hWJ-MSC-S reduced IBV titer by >99%. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) analysis of hWJ-MSC-S revealed a significant enrichment of immunomodulatory and antiviral proteins. Collectively, our results not only uncovered the antiviral potency of hWJ-MSC-S against SARS-CoV-2 and IBV, but also described the mechanism by which hWJ-MSC-S inhibits viral infection. These findings indicate that hWJ-MSC-S could be utilized in future pre-clinical and clinical studies to develop effective therapeutic approaches against human COVID-19 and avian IB respiratory diseases.

Sewage is the primary source of faecal contamination of groundwater with pathogenic bacteria. Protecting groundwaterfrom microbial contamination is a top public health priority, This study deals with evaluation of groundwater wells, groundwater well based-plants, in Alfath lying in Eastern area of Nile Basin, Assuit at summer 2014 with assessment of presence ofthermotolerant faecal coliform and thermotolerant faecal streptococci bacteria as a potent indicators for faecal contamination,we used a multiple-tube fermentation or membrane filtration for enumerating themotolerant faecal coliform and thermotolerantfaecal streptococci using most-probable-number (MPN) index. This study consisted of a total of 75 water samples obtainedfor routine testing at summer 2014, there are 5 water wells not suitable consuming as drinking water for human, 3 expulsion ofwater well plants (Alfath-Alkadema, Bani-Talib and Arab-Moteer) need to sterilization or replacement and renovation. Physicochemicalparameters were determined for these water samples.

The current study focused on the assessment of probiotic potential and biotechnological applicability of the Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) PZ014383 strain by means of various in vitro analyses. The strain demonstrated the ability to withstand simulated digestive stress, with viability in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions being 72.51% after 3 hours at pH 2.0 and 60.71% in 0.3% bile salts, respectively. Survival in the presence of increasing concentrations of phenol decreased from 8.62 to 7.68 log CFU/mL at 0.6% phenol. Antibiotic testing showed susceptibility to meropenem, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin, whereas several beta-lactams, including ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, produced no inhibition zones. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity with a 12.33 mm inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) (ATCC 259233) and no inhibition of Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 25922). The tested strain tolerated 8% NaCl and displayed favorable surface characteristics, including 89.27% auto-aggregation and 73.3% hydrophobicity, with co-aggregation with E. coli being 19.34%. The γ-hemolysis result showed the absence of hemolytic activity. The keratinase enzyme produced by this strain demonstrated the ability to dehair hides effectively, serving as a more environmentally friendly biotechnological alternative to the chemical process.

Egyptian propolis, a resinous material collected by honeybees from a variety of botanical sources, has received increased scientific attention due to its complex chemical composition and diverse biological activities. Egyptian propolis contains a diverse range of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and aromatic aldehydes, and its chemical composition varies depending on botanical origin and geographic region. This review conducts a thorough analysis of its chemical constituents and investigates the biodiversity in its composition across various Egyptian ecosystems. The biological properties of Egyptian propolis are thoroughly discussed, including its powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant properties, which have been validated by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. These properties have enabled their use in various biomaterial domains, including food preservation, wound healing, and dental care. Egyptian propolis has been used in medicine, industry, and in the production of nanoparticles due to its antimicrobial properties. However, more research is needed on Egyptian propolis because there are few studies exploring its various applications. This work is to consolidate current knowledge and identify future directions for the development of Egyptian propolis as a sustainable and multifunctional material.