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Johanna Lundström
Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden

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Journal article
Published: 28 April 2021 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Riparian buffers are the primary tool in forest management for protecting the habitat structure and function of streams. They help protect against biogeochemical perturbation, filter sediments and nutrients, prevent erosion, contribute food to aquatic organisms, regulate light and hence water temperature, contribute deadwood, and preserve biodiversity. However, in production forests of Sweden and Finland, many headwater streams have been straightened, ditched, and/or channelized, resulting in altered hydrology and reduced natural disturbance by floods, which in turn affects important riparian functions. Furthermore, in even-aged management systems as practiced in much of Fennoscandia, understory trees have usually been cleared right up to the stream’s edge during thinning operations, especially around small, headwater streams. Fire suppression has further favored succession towards shade tolerant species. In the regions within Fennoscandia that have experienced this combination of intensive management and lack of natural disturbance, riparian zones are now dominated by single-storied, native Norway spruce. When the adjacent forest is cut, thin (5 - 15m) conifer-dominated riparian buffers are typically left. These buffers do not provide the protection and subsidies, in terms of leaf litter quality, needed to maintain water quality or support riparian or aquatic biodiversity. Based on a literature review, we found compelling evidence that the ecological benefits of multi-layered, mixed-species riparian forest with a large component of broadleaved species are higher than what is now commonly found in the managed stands of Fennoscandia. To improve the functionality of riparian zones, and hence the protection of streams in managed forest landscapes, we present some basic principles that could be used to enhance the ecological function of these interfaces. These management actions should be prioritized on streams and streamside stands that have been affected by simplification either through forest management or hydrological modification. Key to these principles is the planning and managing of buffer zones as early as possible in the rotation to ensure improved function throughout the rotation cycle and not only at final felling. This is well in line with EU and national legislation which can be interpreted as requiring landscape planning at all forest ages to meet biodiversity and other environmental goals. However, it is still rare that planning for conservation is done other than at the final felling stage. Implementing this new strategy is likely to have long-term positive effects and improve the protection of surface waters from negative forestry effects and a history of fire suppression. By following these suggested management principles, there will be a longer time period with high function and greater future management flexibility in addition to the benefits provided by leaving riparian buffers at the final felling stage.

ACS Style

Eliza Maher Hasselquist; Lenka Kuglerová; Jörgen Sjögren; Joakim Hjältén; Eva Ring; Ryan A. Sponseller; Elisabet Andersson; Johanna Lundström; Irina Mancheva; Annika Nordin; Hjalmar Laudon. Moving towards multi-layered, mixed-species forests in riparian buffers will enhance their long-term function in boreal landscapes. Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 493, 119254 .

AMA Style

Eliza Maher Hasselquist, Lenka Kuglerová, Jörgen Sjögren, Joakim Hjältén, Eva Ring, Ryan A. Sponseller, Elisabet Andersson, Johanna Lundström, Irina Mancheva, Annika Nordin, Hjalmar Laudon. Moving towards multi-layered, mixed-species forests in riparian buffers will enhance their long-term function in boreal landscapes. Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 493 ():119254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eliza Maher Hasselquist; Lenka Kuglerová; Jörgen Sjögren; Joakim Hjältén; Eva Ring; Ryan A. Sponseller; Elisabet Andersson; Johanna Lundström; Irina Mancheva; Annika Nordin; Hjalmar Laudon. 2021. "Moving towards multi-layered, mixed-species forests in riparian buffers will enhance their long-term function in boreal landscapes." Forest Ecology and Management 493, no. : 119254.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Bioenergy is expected to contribute to mitigating climate change. One major source for bioenergy is woody biomass from forests, including logging residues, stumps, and whole trees from young dense stands. However, at increased extraction rates of woody biomass, the forest ecosystem, its biodiversity, and its ability to contribute to fundamental ecosystem services will be affected. We used simulation and optimization techniques to assess the impact of different management strategies on the supply of bioenergy and the trade-offs between wood fuel harvesting, biodiversity, and three other ecosystem services—reindeer husbandry, carbon storage, and recreation. The projections covered 100 years and a forest area of 3 million ha in northern Sweden. We found that the development of novel and cost-effective management systems for biomass outtake from young dense stands may provide options for a significant supply of bioenergy to the emerging bioeconomy, while at the same time securing biodiversity and important ecosystem values in future stand developments. In addition, there is potential to increase the extraction of harvest residues and stumps while simultaneously improving conditions for biodiversity and the amount of carbon stored in forest ecosystems compared to current levels. However, the projected continuing trend of increased forest density (in terms of basal area) has a negative impact on the potential for reindeer husbandry and recreation, which calls for researching new management strategies on landscape levels.

ACS Style

Jeannette Eggers; Ylva Melin; Johanna Lundström; Dan Bergström; Karin Öhman. Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Jeannette Eggers, Ylva Melin, Johanna Lundström, Dan Bergström, Karin Öhman. Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeannette Eggers; Ylva Melin; Johanna Lundström; Dan Bergström; Karin Öhman. 2020. "Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 1.

Articles
Published: 23 February 2018 in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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Increased awareness of the connection between forest management activities and negative effects on water quality means that forestry needs to consider its potential impact on the aquatic environment when planning operations. Protective buffer zones are effective, but their design can vary. To be able to incorporate up-to-date scientific theory into practical applications easy-to-use planning tools are needed. In this study, we evaluate different buffer zone alternatives by using the freely available decision support system Heureka. The consequences on both economic and ecological values over a time period of 100 years were evaluated for two buffer zone approaches and three management alternatives within the buffer zones. Results indicated that there is a trade-off between economic and ecological values when managing the buffer zones. To be able to perform the analyses within Heureka, a new tool was developed. This software development provides access to a forest planning tool that can help improve nature conservation.

ACS Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Hjalmar Laudon. Comparing buffer zone alternatives in forest planning using a decision support system. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2018, 33, 493 -501.

AMA Style

Johanna Lundström, Karin Öhman, Hjalmar Laudon. Comparing buffer zone alternatives in forest planning using a decision support system. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2018; 33 (5):493-501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Hjalmar Laudon. 2018. "Comparing buffer zone alternatives in forest planning using a decision support system." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 5: 493-501.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2016 in Water Resources Research
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Traditional approaches aiming at protecting surface waters from the negative impacts of forestry often focus on retaining fixed width buffer zones around waterways. While this method is relatively simple to design and implement, it has been criticized for ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in the riparian zone. Alternatively, a variable width buffer zone adapted to site-specific hydrological conditions has been suggested to improve the protection of biogeochemical and ecological functions of the riparian zone. However, little is known about the monetary value of maintaining hydrologically adapted buffer zones compared to the traditionally used fixed width ones. In this study, we created a hydrologically adapted buffer zone by identifying wet areas and groundwater discharge hotspots in the riparian zone. The opportunity cost of the hydrologically adapted riparian buffer zones was then compared to that of the fixed width zones in a meso-scale boreal catchment to determine the most economical option of designing riparian buffers. The results show that hydrologically adapted buffer zones were cheaper per hectare than the fixed width ones when comparing the total cost. This was because the hydrologically adapted buffers included more wetlands and low productive forest areas than the fixed widths. As such, the hydrologically adapted buffer zones allows more effective protection of the parts of the riparian zones that are ecologically and biogeochemically important and more sensitive to disturbances without forest landowners incurring any additional cost than fixed width buffers.

ACS Style

T. Tiwari; Johanna Lundström; L. Kuglerová; Hjalmar Laudon; Karin Öhman; Anneli Ågren. Cost of riparian buffer zones: A comparison of hydrologically adapted site-specific riparian buffers with traditional fixed widths. Water Resources Research 2016, 52, 1056 -1069.

AMA Style

T. Tiwari, Johanna Lundström, L. Kuglerová, Hjalmar Laudon, Karin Öhman, Anneli Ågren. Cost of riparian buffer zones: A comparison of hydrologically adapted site-specific riparian buffers with traditional fixed widths. Water Resources Research. 2016; 52 (2):1056-1069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Tiwari; Johanna Lundström; L. Kuglerová; Hjalmar Laudon; Karin Öhman; Anneli Ågren. 2016. "Cost of riparian buffer zones: A comparison of hydrologically adapted site-specific riparian buffers with traditional fixed widths." Water Resources Research 52, no. 2: 1056-1069.

Comparative study
Published: 11 February 2016 in PLOS ONE
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A rich structural diversity in forests promotes biodiversity. Forests are dynamic and therefore it is crucial to consider future structural potential when selecting reserves, to make robust conservation decisions. We analyzed forests in boreal Sweden based on 17,599 National Forest Inventory (NFI) plots with the main aim to understand how effectiveness of reserves depends on the time dimension in the selection process, specifically by considering future structural diversity. In the study both the economic value and future values of 15 structural variables were simulated during a 100 year period. To get a net present structural value (NPSV), a single value covering both current and future values, we used four discounting alternatives: (1) only considering present values, (2) giving equal importance to values in each of the 100 years within the planning horizon, (3) applying an annual discount rate considering the risk that values could be lost, and (4) only considering the values in year 100. The four alternatives were evaluated in a reserve selection model under budget-constrained and area-constrained selections. When selecting young forests higher structural richness could be reached at a quarter of the cost over almost twice the area in a budget-constrained selection compared to an area-constrained selection. Our results point to the importance of considering future structural diversity in the selection of forest reserves and not as is done currently to base the selection on existing values. Targeting future values increases structural diversity and implies a relatively lower cost. Further, our results show that a re-orientation from old to young forests would imply savings while offering a more extensive reserve network with high structural qualities in the future. However, caution must be raised against a drastic reorientation of the current old-forest strategy since remnants of ancient forests will need to be prioritized due to their role for disturbance-sensitive species.

ACS Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. Considering Future Potential Regarding Structural Diversity in Selection of Forest Reserves. PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0148960 .

AMA Style

Johanna Lundström, Karin Öhman, Mikael Rönnqvist, Lena Gustafsson. Considering Future Potential Regarding Structural Diversity in Selection of Forest Reserves. PLOS ONE. 2016; 11 (2):e0148960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. 2016. "Considering Future Potential Regarding Structural Diversity in Selection of Forest Reserves." PLOS ONE 11, no. 2: e0148960.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Forest Policy and Economics
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It is important to consider the preferences of the various stakeholders involved when evaluating effective reserve selection, since it is largely their preferences that determine which of a given set of potential reserve networks that actually is “the best”. We interviewed eight conservation planners working at the county administrative boards in each of the eight administrative counties covering boreal Sweden to establish weightings for different structural biodiversity indicators by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The subjective weightings were applied in a reserve selection model based on a goal programming (GP) approach. The structural indicators were derived from the Swedish National Forest Inventory (NFI) and used as proxy for biodiversity potential. A biodiversity indicator score, based on the values of those indicators, was maximized. The model adjusted this score ensuring that all indicators were represented in the selection, and further also adjusted the influence of the indicators based on the subjective weightings. We evaluated the GP approach by comparing it to a simple linear programming (LP) formulation, only maximizing the indicator richness. In all cases the model was limited either by a budget or an area. The biodiversity potential in young forests are often neglected within present conservation policies, however, the proportion of selected forest under 15years was relatively high in all our cost-effective cases, varying between 32% and 60% using the individual planners subjective weightings, compared to 80% when using a simple LP model. The proportion of selected forest over 100years varied between 69% and 85% in the area-effective cases using the subjective weightings, compared to 80% when using a simple LP model. Middle-aged forest was not favored in any of the selections, although they make up a substantial part of the total area. We conclude that there are differences in how conservation planners prioritize the indicators, and depending on how specific biodiversity indicators are weighted the age distribution of the selected reserves differs. This demonstrates the importance of considering how to establish appropriate weightings. It is also important to consider the, at least in our case, substantial difference in how common the different indicators are to ensure that the weightings get their intended impact on the selections

ACS Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. How reserve selection is affected by preferences in Swedish boreal forests. Forest Policy and Economics 2014, 41, 40 -50.

AMA Style

Johanna Lundström, Karin Öhman, Mikael Rönnqvist, Lena Gustafsson. How reserve selection is affected by preferences in Swedish boreal forests. Forest Policy and Economics. 2014; 41 ():40-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. 2014. "How reserve selection is affected by preferences in Swedish boreal forests." Forest Policy and Economics 41, no. : 40-50.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Forest Ecology and Management
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In modern forestry, attempts to mitigate negative effects on biodiversity include the integration of conservation actions into forestry activities, e.g. by leaving trees at harvesting. This practice has been used on a large scale for more than two decades without solid scientific support of whether desirable effects are achieved or not. To increase the knowledge of changes in the lichen flora on retained aspen trees (Populus tremula) with time since clear-cutting we made a study in boreal Sweden where 720 retained aspens in 24 stands were surveyed. Twelve stands were clear-felled 0–4years and 12 where clear-felled 10–16years prior to the inventory. Total lichen species richness increased with time since clear-cutting, as did richness of aspen-dependent lichens and lichens adapted to open environments. There was no difference between the age classes regarding the number of cyanolichens. We show that retained aspens function as lifeboats for old-forest lichens and as a new habitat for lichens adapted to open, sun-exposed habitats. Our results indicate that epiphytic species richness on retained trees is higher after the logging, due to coexistence of remaining species and colonizing species. We suggest that the retention of old aspen and the promotion of aspen generation in the production forest would benefit epiphytic lichens and are thus important conservation measures

ACS Style

Johanna Lundström; Fredrik Jonsson; Karin Perhans; Lena Gustafsson. Lichen species richness on retained aspens increases with time since clear-cutting. Forest Ecology and Management 2013, 293, 49 -56.

AMA Style

Johanna Lundström, Fredrik Jonsson, Karin Perhans, Lena Gustafsson. Lichen species richness on retained aspens increases with time since clear-cutting. Forest Ecology and Management. 2013; 293 ():49-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Lundström; Fredrik Jonsson; Karin Perhans; Lena Gustafsson. 2013. "Lichen species richness on retained aspens increases with time since clear-cutting." Forest Ecology and Management 293, no. : 49-56.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2010 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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1. Forest reserves are established to preserve biodiversity, and to maintain natural functions and processes. Today there is heightened focus on old-growth stages, with less attention given to early successional stages. The biodiversity potential of younger forests has been overlooked, and the cost-effectiveness of incorporating different age classes in reserve networks has not yet been studied.2. We performed a reserve selection analysis in boreal Sweden using the Swedish National Forest Inventory plots. Seventeen structural variables were used as biodiversity indicators, and the cost of protecting each plot as a reserve was assessed using the Heureka system. A goal programming approach was applied, which allowed inclusion of several objectives and avoided a situation in which common indicators affected the result more than rare ones. The model was limited either by budget or area.3. All biodiversity indicators were found in all age classes, with more than half having the highest values in ages ≥ 100 years. Several large-tree indicators and all deadwood indicators had higher values in forests 0-14 years than in forests 15-69 years.4. It was most cost-effective to protect a large proportion of young forests since they generally have a lower net present value compared to older forests, but still contain structures of importance for biodiversity. However, it was more area-effective to protect a large proportion of old forests since they have a higher biodiversity potential per area.5. The geographical distribution of reserves selected with the budget-constrained model was strongly biassed towards the north-western section of boreal Sweden, with a large proportion of young forest, whereas the area-constrained model focussed on the south-eastern section, with dominance by the oldest age class.6.Synthesis and applications. We show that young forests with large amounts of structures important to biodiversity such as dead wood and remnant trees are cheap and cost-efficient to protect. This suggests that reserve networks should incorporate sites with high habitat quality of different forest ages. Since young forests are generally neglected in conservation, our approach is of interest also to other forest biomes where biodiversity is adapted to disturbance regimes resulting in open, early successional stages.

ACS Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Karin Perhans; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. Cost-effective age structure and geographical distribution of boreal forest reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 2010, 48, 133 -142.

AMA Style

Johanna Lundström, Karin Öhman, Karin Perhans, Mikael Rönnqvist, Lena Gustafsson. Cost-effective age structure and geographical distribution of boreal forest reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2010; 48 (1):133-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Lundström; Karin Öhman; Karin Perhans; Mikael Rönnqvist; Lena Gustafsson. 2010. "Cost-effective age structure and geographical distribution of boreal forest reserves." Journal of Applied Ecology 48, no. 1: 133-142.