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Bioenergy is expected to contribute to mitigating climate change. One major source for bioenergy is woody biomass from forests, including logging residues, stumps, and whole trees from young dense stands. However, at increased extraction rates of woody biomass, the forest ecosystem, its biodiversity, and its ability to contribute to fundamental ecosystem services will be affected. We used simulation and optimization techniques to assess the impact of different management strategies on the supply of bioenergy and the trade-offs between wood fuel harvesting, biodiversity, and three other ecosystem services—reindeer husbandry, carbon storage, and recreation. The projections covered 100 years and a forest area of 3 million ha in northern Sweden. We found that the development of novel and cost-effective management systems for biomass outtake from young dense stands may provide options for a significant supply of bioenergy to the emerging bioeconomy, while at the same time securing biodiversity and important ecosystem values in future stand developments. In addition, there is potential to increase the extraction of harvest residues and stumps while simultaneously improving conditions for biodiversity and the amount of carbon stored in forest ecosystems compared to current levels. However, the projected continuing trend of increased forest density (in terms of basal area) has a negative impact on the potential for reindeer husbandry and recreation, which calls for researching new management strategies on landscape levels.
Jeannette Eggers; Ylva Melin; Johanna Lundström; Dan Bergström; Karin Öhman. Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Ylva Melin, Johanna Lundström, Dan Bergström, Karin Öhman. Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Ylva Melin; Johanna Lundström; Dan Bergström; Karin Öhman. 2020. "Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 1.
Research Highlights: Long-term global scenarios give insights on how social and economic developments and international agreements may impact land use, trade, product markets, and carbon balances. They form a valuable basis for forming national forest policies. Many aspects related to long-term management of forests and consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services can only be addressed at regional and landscape levels. In order to be attended to in the policy process, there is a need for a method that downscales national scenarios to these finer levels. Background and Objectives: Regional framework conditions depend on management activities in the country as a whole. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of a forest sector model (FSM) as a method for downscaling national scenarios results to regional level. The national FSM takes the global scenario data (e.g., harvest level and market prices over time) and solves the national problem. The result for the region of interest is taken as framework conditions for the regional study. Materials and Methods: Two different specifications are tested. One lets product volumes and prices represent endogenous variables in the FSM model. The other takes volumes and prices from the global scenario as exogenous parameters. The first specification attains a maximum net social payoff whereas the second specification means that net present value is maximized under a harvest constraint. Results: The maximum net social payoff specification conforms better to economic factors than the maximum net present value specification but could give national harvest volume trajectories that deviates from what is derived from the global model. This means that regional harvest activity can deviate considerably from the national average, attesting to the benefit of the use of the FSM-based method
Ljusk Ola Eriksson; Nicklas Forsell; Jeannette Eggers; Tord Snäll. Downscaling of Long-Term Global Scenarios to Regions with a Forest Sector Model. Forests 2020, 11, 500 .
AMA StyleLjusk Ola Eriksson, Nicklas Forsell, Jeannette Eggers, Tord Snäll. Downscaling of Long-Term Global Scenarios to Regions with a Forest Sector Model. Forests. 2020; 11 (5):500.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLjusk Ola Eriksson; Nicklas Forsell; Jeannette Eggers; Tord Snäll. 2020. "Downscaling of Long-Term Global Scenarios to Regions with a Forest Sector Model." Forests 11, no. 5: 500.
Research Highlights: We show the difference in the long-term effects on economic and ecological forest values between four forest management scenarios of a large representative forest landscape. The scenarios were largely formulated by stakeholders representing the main views on how to manage north-European forests. Background and Objectives: Views on how to balance forest management between wood production and biodiversity differ widely between different stakeholder groups. We aim to show the long-term consequences of stakeholder-defined management scenarios, in terms of ecological and economic forest values. Materials and Methods: We simulated management scenarios for a forest landscape in Sweden, based on the management objectives and strategies of key stakeholders. We specifically investigated the difference in economic forest values coupled to wood supply and ecological indicators coupled to structural biodiversity between the scenarios over a 100-year period. The indicators were net present value, harvest, growing stock and increment, along with deadwood volume, the density of large trees, area of old forests and mature broadleaf-rich forests. Results: We show that the scenarios have widely different outcomes in terms of the studied indicators, and that differences in indicator outcome were largely due to different distributions in management regimes, i.e., the proportion of forest left unmanaged or under even-aged management or continuous cover forest, as well as specific retention practices. Retention and continuous cover forestry mitigate the negative effects that clear-cut forestry has upon biodiversity. Conclusions: We found that an increase in the forest area under the continuous cover forestry regime could be a cost-efficient way to increase structural diversity in managed boreal forests. On the other hand, no single management regime performed best with respect to all indicators, which means that a mixture of several management regimes is needed to balance conflicting objectives. We also show that the trade-off between economic and ecological indicators was not directly proportional, meaning that an increase in structural biodiversity may be obtained at a proportionally low cost with appropriate management planning.
Jeannette Eggers; Minna Räty; Karin Öhman; Tord Snäll. How Well Do Stakeholder-Defined Forest Management Scenarios Balance Economic and Ecological Forest Values? Forests 2020, 11, 86 .
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Minna Räty, Karin Öhman, Tord Snäll. How Well Do Stakeholder-Defined Forest Management Scenarios Balance Economic and Ecological Forest Values? Forests. 2020; 11 (1):86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Minna Räty; Karin Öhman; Tord Snäll. 2020. "How Well Do Stakeholder-Defined Forest Management Scenarios Balance Economic and Ecological Forest Values?" Forests 11, no. 1: 86.
The allocation of forest land to different uses for ecosystem services (ES) is a complex task which is increasingly influenced by current urbanisation trends and the growth of the service-oriented economy. With the focus on cultural ES, this paper examines the principles that are intended to ensure the best cultural ES value in forest land use allocation. The analysis considers the co-creation process of cultural ES value and the trade-off between cultural and other categories of ES in an urban–rural context. A literature review of applied studies on forest land use allocation and ES is presented and research gaps are identified. Based on the findings of the review, two theoretical frameworks for an improved analysis of cultural ES value and land use allocation are suggested: the von Thünen location theory and service-dominant logic (SDL). Von Thünen showed that optimal land use is determined by the land rents for different alternative uses, which vary depending on distance from population centres. SDL, a theory from the field of marketing research, focuses on the role of skills and services – in addition to the traditional goods-related attributes – for the creation of customer value. This paper argues that a combination of the two frameworks can inspire future research and policymaking concerning forest land use allocation. The von Thünen framework highlights the role of local forest landscapes in proximity to population centres for creating cultural ES value. The SDL theory emphasises the co-creation of forest based cultural ES value that involves the forest ecosystem; beneficiaries of cultural ES value; and actors, who also are resource integrators (e.g. forest owners, planners, associations and other actors). Examples of applications of the two frameworks are given and both practical implications and limitations are discussed.
Anders Roos; Jeannette Eggers; Cecilia Mark-Herbert; Anders Lindhagen. Using von Thünen rings and service-dominant logic in balancing forest ecosystem services. Land Use Policy 2018, 79, 622 -632.
AMA StyleAnders Roos, Jeannette Eggers, Cecilia Mark-Herbert, Anders Lindhagen. Using von Thünen rings and service-dominant logic in balancing forest ecosystem services. Land Use Policy. 2018; 79 ():622-632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Roos; Jeannette Eggers; Cecilia Mark-Herbert; Anders Lindhagen. 2018. "Using von Thünen rings and service-dominant logic in balancing forest ecosystem services." Land Use Policy 79, no. : 622-632.
Although many forested landscapes are used for both wood production and outdoor recreation, intensive forest management can negatively impact the recreational value of forests, including in Sweden, a country with rich forest resources and a strong forest industry. In Sweden, urbanization has increased the importance of, and demand for, urban and peri-urban recreational green areas such as forests. It is the responsibility of the local government – i.e., the municipalities – to provide a good living environment for its inhabitants, including recreational areas. However, most of the forest areas in Sweden are owned by private individuals and companies, which have a large degree of freedom in their forest management decisions. Municipalities can make formal agreements with forest owners to protect forests with high recreational values, but this requires financial resources, which are often scarce. Thus, tools are needed to identify the forest areas that should be prioritized for the use of forest management strategies that maintain or increase the recreational value of forests. In this study, we elaborate an approach that balances economic and recreational forest values within a forest decision support system (DSS) and test the approach for a case study area in southern Sweden. The recreation model included in the forest DSS links locational aspects, such as population density and proximity to water, with forest structure aspects, which are simulated over time under different management strategies. Our results suggest that the model could be useful for more efficient planning of the recreational potential of forests at the landscape level. The results from the case study indicate that substantial increases in the recreational value of a forest landscape can be achieved with relatively small overall economic losses, for example, by extending rotation periods in forests close to densely populated areas.
Jeannette Eggers; Anders Lindhagen; Torgny Lind; Tomas Lämås; Karin Öhman. Balancing landscape-level forest management between recreation and wood production. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 33, 1 -11.
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Anders Lindhagen, Torgny Lind, Tomas Lämås, Karin Öhman. Balancing landscape-level forest management between recreation and wood production. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 33 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Anders Lindhagen; Torgny Lind; Tomas Lämås; Karin Öhman. 2018. "Balancing landscape-level forest management between recreation and wood production." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 33, no. : 1-11.
Jeannette Eggers; Ljusk Ola Eriksson; Eva-Maria Nordström; Tord Snäll. Accounting for global drivers in landscape-level assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Ljusk Ola Eriksson, Eva-Maria Nordström, Tord Snäll. Accounting for global drivers in landscape-level assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Ljusk Ola Eriksson; Eva-Maria Nordström; Tord Snäll. 2018. "Accounting for global drivers in landscape-level assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services." Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
Henna Fabritius; Jeannette Eggers; Tord Snäll. Persistence of boreal forest epiphytes under alternative objective-driven forest management scenarios. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleHenna Fabritius, Jeannette Eggers, Tord Snäll. Persistence of boreal forest epiphytes under alternative objective-driven forest management scenarios. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenna Fabritius; Jeannette Eggers; Tord Snäll. 2018. "Persistence of boreal forest epiphytes under alternative objective-driven forest management scenarios." Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
In this study, we assessed the effect of a diverse ownership structure with different management strategies within and between owner categories in long-term projections of economic, ecological and social forest sustainability indicators, representing important ecosystem services, for two contrasting Swedish municipalities. This was done by comparing two scenarios: one where the diversity of management strategies was accounted for (Diverse) and one where it was not (Simple). The Diverse scenario resulted in a 14% lower total harvested volume for the 100 year period compared to the Simple scenario, which resulted in a higher growing stock and a more favorable development of the ecological indicators. The higher proportion of sparse forests and the lower proportion of clear-felled sites made the Diverse scenario more appropriate for delivering access to common outdoor recreation activities, while the Simple scenario projected more job opportunities. Differences between the scenarios were considerable already in the medium term (after 20 years of simulation). Our results highlight the importance of accounting for the variety of management strategies employed by forest owners in medium- to long-term projections of the development of forest sustainability indicators.
Jeannette Eggers; Hampus Holmström; Tomas Lämås; Torgny Lind; Karin Öhman. Accounting for a Diverse Forest Ownership Structure in Projections of Forest Sustainability Indicators. Forests 2015, 6, 4001 -4033.
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Hampus Holmström, Tomas Lämås, Torgny Lind, Karin Öhman. Accounting for a Diverse Forest Ownership Structure in Projections of Forest Sustainability Indicators. Forests. 2015; 6 (12):4001-4033.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Hampus Holmström; Tomas Lämås; Torgny Lind; Karin Öhman. 2015. "Accounting for a Diverse Forest Ownership Structure in Projections of Forest Sustainability Indicators." Forests 6, no. 12: 4001-4033.
Half of the productive forest area in Sweden is owned by small-scale private forest owners. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information that would allow categorizing small-scale private forest owners according to their management strategy. In this study, we surveyed small-scale private forest owners in Sweden to determine the proportions who applied various management strategies. We analyzed the results using chi-square tests to identify the most relevant factors affecting the management strategy choices of individual forest owners. We found that “soft” factors, such as the importance of income from the forest, membership in a forest owners’ association, certification and an interest in and knowledge of forestry issues, had a stronger impact on the choice of management strategy than most “hard” factors related to the owner or the property, such as gender and distance between the owner’s residence and the property. However, property size was the most important factor and was associated with the importance of income derived from the forest and several other soft factors.
Jeannette Eggers; Tomas Lämås; Torgny Lind; Karin Öhman. Factors Influencing the Choice of Management Strategy among Small-Scale Private Forest Owners in Sweden. Forests 2014, 5, 1695 -1716.
AMA StyleJeannette Eggers, Tomas Lämås, Torgny Lind, Karin Öhman. Factors Influencing the Choice of Management Strategy among Small-Scale Private Forest Owners in Sweden. Forests. 2014; 5 (7):1695-1716.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeannette Eggers; Tomas Lämås; Torgny Lind; Karin Öhman. 2014. "Factors Influencing the Choice of Management Strategy among Small-Scale Private Forest Owners in Sweden." Forests 5, no. 7: 1695-1716.