Carbon nano tubes (CNTs), comprising one dimensional (1D) carbon tubes that significantly strengthen the base matrix when added as a reinforcement element. It is light in weight and very low weight fractions (vol% or wt%) of well-dispersed CNTs enhance mechanical properties effectively. Due to its poor wettability during liquid mixing, CNTs reinforced composites are mostly prepared by solid-state processing, extrusion, hot pressing, etc. after premixing of the matrix and CNTs powders in nano size. Irrespective of the production routes, matrices, and chemical treatments, CNTs agglomerate within the matrix structure. That leads to dispersion problem of CNTs in matrix materials and weaken the properties of the composites. CNTs produce small clusters/agglomerates due to their high affinity and affect the texture of grain boundaries. This review discusses the effect of CNTs agglomerations in composites formation for various CNTs reinforced composites. The study covers the effect of vol%, wt%, and dispersion medium for reinforcement.

An aerofoil is stream line body. Symmetric aerofoil (NACA 0015) is used in many applications such as in aircraft submarine fins, rotary and some fixed wings. The ultimate objective of an aerofoil is to obtain the lift necessary to keep an airplane in the air. But construction of the blade with proper angle of attack and implementation has significant effect on lift force. Insufficient lift force might cause fail of airplane flying, especially at high speed. Modern technologist use different simulation techniques to avoid costly model testing. But simulation is based on some assumption. Thus practically results are not fully authentic and have a deviation. In this work numerical and experimental investigation of NACA 0015 is studied at different angle of attack (degree) at different velocity of air by determining the forces at every two degrees from 00 to 180. The experimental is conveyed in a low speed wind tunnel. The numerical analysis is conducted using ANSYS (combined with CFD and FLUENT FLOW). The use of the CFD technology greatly reduces the overall investment and efforts for aerofoil design. CFD method contributes to visualize the flow pattern inside aerofoil and takes less time and faster according to experimental methods. After completing the experimental and numerical data is compared. Therefore objective of this paper is to find the deviation and validation of aerodynamics characteristics of aerofoil NACA 0015 for experimental and numerical method.

Energy is extracted recently from the waste products. Environmental pollution is being minimized along with the addition of considerable amount of energy beside the conventional sources. The energy extracted from the waste leads a hope of alternative fuel for internal combustion engines as well as to meet other requirement. Common energy conversion method uses tire, wood, rubber to derived energy through pyrolysis. About 9.25% gaseous, 43% liquid and 47% solid product are obtained for tire pyrolysis process at around 450 °C temperature. The liquid fuel is directly used in the engines and there phase is a mixture of complex hydrocarbon. In this work Fractional Distillation, oxidative desulfurization and de-colorization for upgrading liquid product has been conducted. In fractional distillation 30%, 20%, 6.35%, 6%, 4.5% and 1.3% by volume oils are obtained at over the temperature ranges- 121-180 oC, 211-260 oC, 71-120 oC, 191-210 oC, 181-190 oC and 40-70 oC. Then by desulfurization around 54-58 % sulfur was removed. For desulfurization hydrogen peroxide and formic acid (2:1 ratio) are used at constant temperature and magnetic stirring rate. The obtained fraction were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR techniques and compared with conventional diesel fuel. Sludge oil parts may be used as furnace oil which has higher calorific value than that of other conventional furnace oils. The rest of 40-70 oC and 71-120 oC oil parts may be used as alternative fuel like kerosene. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the suitability of pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for IC engine.