Hydrogen production is produced for future green energy. The radiation–chemical yield for seawater without a catalyst, with Zr, and with Zr1%Nb (Zr = 99% Nb = 1%) were (G(H₂) = 0.81, 307.1, and 437.4 molecules/100 eV, respectively. The radiation–thermal water decomposition increased in γ-radiation of the Zr1%Nb + SW system with increasing temperature. At T = 1273 K, it prevails over radiation processes. During the radiation and heat radiation heterogeneous procedures in the Zr1% Nb + SW system, the production of surface energetic sites and secondary electrons accelerated the accumulation of molecular hydrogen and Zr1%Nb oxidation. Thermal radiation and thermal processes caused the metal phase to collect thermal surface energetic sites for water breakdown and Zr 1%Nb oxidation starting at T = 573 K.

The presence of triclosan in water is toxic to human beings, hazardous to the environment and creates side effects and problems because this is an endocrine-disturbing water pollutant. Therefore, there is a great need for the separation of this notorious water pollutant at an effective, economic and eco-friendly level. The interface sorption was achieved on synthesized ionic liquid-based nanocomposites. An N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid copper oxide nanocomposite was prepared using green methods and characterized by using proper spectroscopic methods. The nanocomposite was used to remove triclosan in water with the best conditions of time 30 min, concentration 100 µg/L, pH 8.0, dose 1.0 g/L and temperature 25 °C, with 90.2 µg/g removal capacity. The results obeyed Langmuir, Temkin and D-Rs isotherms with a first-order kinetic and liquid-film-diffusion kinetic model. The positive entropy value was 0.47 kJ/mol K, while the negative value of enthalpy was −0.11 kJ/mol. The negative values of free energy were −53.18, −74.17 and −76.14 kJ/mol at 20, 25 and 30 °C. These values confirmed exothermic and spontaneous sorption of triclosan. The combined effects of 3D parameters were also discussed. The supramolecular model was developed by simulation and chemical studies and suggested electrovalent bonding between triclosan and N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid. Finally, this method is assumed as valuable for the elimination of triclosan in water.

A novel polyaniline-modified CNT and graphene-based nanocomposite (2.32–7.34 nm) was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The specific surface area was 176 m²/g with 0.232 cm³/g as the specific pore volume. The nanocomposite was used to remove zinc and lead metal ions from water; showing a high removal capacity of 346 and 581 mg/g at pH 6.5. The data followed pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich models. Besides this, the experimental values obeyed Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The results confirmed that the removal of lead and zinc ions occurred in a mixed mode, that is, diffusion absorption and ion exchange between the heterogeneous surface of the sorbent containing active adsorption centers and the solution containing metal ions. The enthalpy values were 149.9 and 158.6 J.mol⁻¹K⁻¹ for zinc and lead metal ions. The negative values of free energies were in the range of −4.97 to −26.3 kJ/mol. These values indicated an endothermic spontaneous removal of metal ions from water. The reported method is useful to remove the zinc and lead metal ions in any water body due to the high removal capacity of nanocomposite at natural pH of 6.5. Moreover, a low dose of 0.005 g per 30 mL made this method economical. Furthermore, a low contact time of 15 min made this method applicable to the removal of the reported metal ions from water in a short time. Briefly, the reported method is highly economical, nature-friendly and fast and can be used to remove the reported metal ions from any water resource.

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized on mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves to prepare a novel, low cost, and eco-friendly biosorbent Mi-yeast. The fabricated biosorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM and applied to remove Co(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions via batch mode technique. The biosorption equilibria were established in 30 min and the experimental data were applied to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The maximum biosorption capacities were found to be 526 mg g⁻¹ for Co(II) at pH 6 and 250 mg g⁻¹ Ni(II) at pH 7. Among four kinetic models, the experimental data were best described by the second-order expression. Different foreign ions were found to have a negligible interfering effect on the biosorption capacities. Mi-yeast could be regenerated using 0.2 M HCl during repeated biosorption–desorption cycles with 4–7% loss in metal efficiency after five cycles. The potential applications of Mi-yeast for selective removal of Co(II) and Ni(II) from different real wastewater samples of different matrices were also applied using a micro-column technique.

Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are utilized for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. A novel green modifier, consisting of small amounts of hydrophilic imidazoliumbased ionic liquid dissolved in water, has been established for the reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation and determination of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin in pharmaceutical tablets. The use of 0.4 g (25 mM) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in 100 mL water mobile phase has altered the chromatographic separation mechanism of statin drugs on a C18 stationary phase at 238 nm, 25°C, and 1 mL/min. The utilization of ionic liquid as an alternative modifier in the mobile phase has led to enhancing the peak shapes, resulting in less peak tailing being observed for the investigated analytes, in comparison with conventional organic solvent. The proposed method has been validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The linear ranges investigated for atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin were 2.0–80.0, 4.0–100.0, and 12.0–120 µg/mL, respectively, with determination coefficients (R²) of 0.999, 0.999, and 0.998. Furthermore, the method demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision in pharmaceutical tablets, obtaining good recoveries of 90–113% and relative standard deviations lower than 3% for the studied analytes. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin were determined as 1.18, 3.58, 3.07, and 9.33, 6.04, 18.32 µg/mL, respectively. The method developed in the current work could be used as a potential eco-friendly method for pharmaceutical development.