Breaking internal tides and induced mixing are critical to shelf dynamics, including heat and mass exchanges. Spatiotemporal variability of internal tides and modulation factors for the southern East China Sea shelf were examined based on a combination of a three-month mooring velocity and satellite altimeter data. Semidiurnal and diurnal internal tides exhibited distinct temporal trends, with the semidiurnal internal tides enhanced by an order of magnitude during the latter half of the record, while the diurnal internal tides followed quasi spring-neap cycles with a generally stable intensity except for two specific periods of strengthening. These internal tides probably originated remotely over the shelf-slope area northeast of Taiwan. Time-varying stratification was the most important factor for the internal tidal magnitude. In addition, varying background currents influenced the diurnal critical latitude band, which explains the slightly enhanced diurnal internal tides during the two periods. Although both semidiurnal and diurnal internal tides were mode-1 dominated, the semidiurnal internal tides were surface intensified while the diurnal tides were bottom intensified. The proportion of higher mode internal tides increased during robust eddy activities. Stronger background vertical shear corresponded to high-frequency events and energy transfers from tidal frequencies to high frequencies associated with turbulent mixing.

Internal tide variations and mixing properties are important to shelf dynamics and mass exchange. In the present study, spatiotemporal variability of internal tides and their modulation factors on the southern East China Sea (ECS) shelf are examined using a three-month mooring observation. Semidiurnal and diurnal internal tides are found to exhibit distinct varying trends. Specifically, the semidiurnal internal tides are quite weak at the early stage, but greatly enhanced in the last three spring-neap cycles. In contrast, the diurnal internal tides follow quasi spring-neap variability except for the strengthening in two specific periods. The enhancement of semidiurnal internal tides in late July and August can be attributed to the strengthened stratifications shelf-slope area northeast of Taiwan Island, which is identified as the generation source. While the diurnal internal tides are modulated by background circulation through the effective critical latitude. The weak critical latitude effect corresponds to the intermittent enhancement of diurnal internal tides in two specific periods. In addition, the circulation also affects the vertical modal structures of the internal tides. The proportion of higher modes internal tides increases during robust eddy activities.  The high-frequency and high-mode internal tides are of crucial significance for turbulent mixing on the shelf region.Key word: Internal Tides; Mooring Observation; Spatiotemporal variation; Shelf dynamics

Time series of shipboard observations in the southern Arafura Sea near the Tiwi Islands indicated that the water column dynamics differed between the east and west sides of the islands. On the west side, the water column, characterized by temperature, salinity, and velocity, was barotropic and tidal advection dominated. On the east side, the water column was baroclinic and internal tides were present along with tidal advection. These conditions affected the distribution of the turbidity and fluorescence in the water column. Likewise, the influence of the daily solar radiation cycle reached the bottom on the western side, but was limited to the upper layer above the thermocline on the eastern side. The fluorescence peaks also differed between the east and west sides, with the eastern side dominated by the semidiurnal tides and the western side by the daily solar cycle. Fluorescence integrated over the water column was much higher on the eastern side than the western side. Also on the eastern side, fluorescence was limited to the lower layer, while on the western side, it encompassed the entire water column at times and peaked below the warmer, higher oxygenated water generated by solar radiation and surface mixing. These dynamics have distinct implications for biological productivity and also may affect a proposed tidal power system in the region.

We present four sets of concurrent ADCP data obtained from the East China Sea shelf, and it suggests that near-inertial waves induced by parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) associated with harmonic transfer beyond diurnal critical latitude (O1:27.6°, K1:30°). Two type different nonlinear behavior (harmonic transfer and subharmonic transfer) occur varying with the latitude on different location. The velocity data indicated a transfer of diurnal internal tidal energy poleward of the diurnal critical latitude. Kinetic energy and shear spectra analysis at these moorings reveals that the prominent peaks enhance and appear at not only at the even order of diurnal tide such as semidiurnal band, 4cpd, 6cpd and even 8cpd, but also some unfamiliar odd harmonics 3cpd and 5cpd. Furthermore, additional energy is converted to higher mode locally through continuum internal wave spectrum. Besides the harmonic transfer, on the critical latitude for D2/2 wave(28.9°), D1 wave is extracted from a D2 tidal driven model output current. PSI conversion of semidiurnal internal tidal energy was confirmed by spectra analysis and bi-spectra, because of the distinguish of M2/2 separated from the diurnal tidal (O1, K1).