In the agricultural domain, chemical pesticides are repetitively and harshly used to kill harmful pests, but they often pose a serious threat to microbial diversity, soil fertility and agricultural output. To deal with these problems, pesticide-tolerant plant growth promoting (PGP) rhizobacterial strains are often used to combat pesticidal toxicity. Here, Pseudomonas sp. PGR-11 (accession no. OM348534), recovered from a Vigna radiata (L.) rhizosphere, produced various growth regulating (GR) substances, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 82.5 ± 9.2 μg mL⁻¹), enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (μM α-ketobutyrate mg⁻¹ protein h⁻¹), siderophores and ammonia. Strain PGR-11 grew well when cultured in growth medium with added metalaxyl (MTXL; 1200 μg mL⁻¹), carbendazim (CBZM; 800 μg mL⁻¹) and tebuconazole (TBZL; 1600 μg mL⁻¹). Pseudomonas sp. synthesized PGP substances even in the presence of increasing doses of pesticides. The phytotoxicity of the tested pesticides was assessed both in vitro and under pot-house conditions using a Vigna radiata (L.) crop. Increasing concentrations of chemical pesticides negatively impacted the growth, physiological and biochemical features. However, pesticide-tolerant Pseudomonas sp. relieved the toxicity and improved the biological attributes of the plant. Bio-inoculated plants showed significant enhancement in germination attributes, dry biomass, symbiotic features and yield features when compared to un-inoculated ones. Furthermore, with 100 μg metalaxyl kg⁻¹ soil, strain PGR-11 increased the chl-a, chl-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, SPAD index, photosystem efficiency (Fv/Fm), PSII quantum yield (FPSII), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NpQ) content by 12, 19, 16, 27, 34, 41, 26, 29 and 33%, respectively, over un-inoculated but pesticide-treated plants. Additionally, inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. with 100 μg tebuconazole kg⁻¹ soil caused a significant (p ≤ 0.05) enhancement in transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic rate (P_N), vapor pressure deficit (kPa) and internal CO₂ concentration (C_i) of 19, 26, 23, 28 and 34%, respectively. Conclusively, the power to tolerate abnormally high pesticide concentration, the capacity to produce/secrete PGP substances even in a pesticide-stressed medium and the potential for improving/increasing the growth and physiology of plants by pesticide detoxification makes Pseudomonas sp. PGR-11 a fascinating choice for augmenting the productivity of V. radiata (L.) even in pesticide-stressed soils. The current findings will be helpful for exploring pesticide-tolerant ACC-deaminase-positive microbial strains as gifted entities for the environmental bioremediation of pesticides.

Nowadays, the logarithmic production of existing well-known food materials is unable to keep up with the demand caused by the exponential growth of the human population in terms of the equality of access to food materials. Famous local food materials with treasury properties such as mangrove fruits are an excellent source to be listed as emerging food candidates with ethnomedicinal properties. Thus, this study reviews the nutrition content of several edible mangrove fruits and the innovation to improve the fruit into a highly economic food product. Within the mangrove fruit, the levels of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, protein, and fat are acceptable for daily intake. The mangrove fruits, seeds, and endophytic fungi are rich in phenolic compounds, limonoids, and their derivatives as the compounds present a multitude of bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant. In the intermediary process, the flour of mangrove fruit stands as a supplementation for the existing flour with antidiabetic or antioxidant properties. The mangrove fruit is successfully transformed into many processed food products. However, limited fruits from species such as Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina are commonly upgraded into traditional food, though many more species demonstrate ethnomedicinal properties. In the Middle East, A. marina is the dominant species, and the study of the phytochemicals and fruit development is limited. Therefore, studies on the development of mangrove fruits to functional for other mangrove species are demanding. The locally accepted mangrove fruit is coveted as an alternate food material to support the sustainable development goal of eliminating world hunger in sustainable ways.

The broad application of metal nanoparticles in different fields encourages scientists to find alternatives to conventional synthesis methods to reduce negative environmental impacts. Herein, we described a safe method for preparing silver nanoparticles (J-AgNPs) using Jatropha integerrima leaves extract as a reducing agent and further characterize its physiochemical and pharmacological properties to identify its therapeutic potential as a cytotoxic and antimicrobial agent. The biogenic synthesized J-AgNPs were physiochemically characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. HPLC-DAD, followed by LC/MS and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), was applied to detect the biomolecules of J. integerrima involved in the fabrication of NPs. Furthermore, J-AgNPs and the ampicillin-nanocomposite conjugate were investigated for their potential antibacterial effects against four clinical isolates. Finally, cytotoxic effects were also investigated against cancer and normal cell lines, and their mechanism was assessed using TEM analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Ag ions were reduced to spherical J-AgNPs, with a zeta potential of −34.7 mV as well as an average size of 91.2 and 22.8 nm as detected by DLS and TEM, respectively. HPLC GC/MC analysis identified five biomolecules, and FTIR suggested the presence of proteins besides polyphenolic molecules; together, these molecules could be responsible for the reduction and capping processes during NP formation. Additionally, J-AgNPs displayed a strong antibacterial effect, although the ampicillin conjugated form had a very weak antibacterial effect. Furthermore, the NPs caused a reduction in cell viability of all the treated cells by initiating ultrastructural changes and apoptosis, as identified by TEM and LSM analysis. Therefore, J-AgNPs can be formed using the leaf extract from the J. integerrima plant. Furthermore, J-AgNPs may serve as a candidate for further biochemical and pharmacological testing to identify its therapeutic value.

A winter bloom event of Trichodesmium erythraeum was monitored for the first time in the southeastern coastal parts of Bangladesh along the Bay of Bengal. This study presents the brownish to light pinkish bloom that appeared in mid-winter and disappeared abruptly during spring. Heavy blooms of T. erythraeum revealed the highest concentration of 91.47 ± 52.94 × 10³ colonies/L in the Bakkhali River Estuary, and 66.93 ± 12.95 × 10³ colonies/L in the Maheshkhali Channel of the Bay of Bengal. Three distinct morphological shapes, namely puffs, tufts and asymmetrical colonies, were depicted as major types. Several environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, NO₃–N and PO₄–P, were analyzed to determine their relationship with the occurrence, abundance and bloom formation of T. erythraeum. The abundance of the species showed a positive correlation with salinity and pH while exhibiting a negative correlation with temperature and DO. A cluster analysis revealed a clear indication of T. erythraeum bloom during winter. Thus, the prevalence of the highest density of the bloom in the present study area strongly suggests increased monitoring and research efforts in order to effectively manage or impede harmful algal blooms.

Biological agents are getting a noticeable concern as efficient eco-friendly method for nanoparticle fabrication, from which fungi considered promising agents in this field. In the current study, two fungal species (Embellisia spp. and Gymnoascus spp.) were isolated from the desert soil in Saudi Arabia and identified using 18S rRNA gene sequencing then used as bio-mediator for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Myco-synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated. In atrial to detect their possible antibacterial mechanism, Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) and TEM analysis were performed for Klebsiella pneumoniae treated by the myco-synthesized AgNPs. Detected properties of the fabricated materials indicated the ability of both tested fungal strains in successful fabrication of AgNPs having same range of mean size diameters and varied PDI. The efficiency of Embellisia spp. in providing AgNPs with higher antibacterial activity compared to Gymnoascus spp. was reported however, both indicated antibacterial efficacy. Variations in the protein profile of K. pneumoniae after treatments and ultrastructural changes were observed. Current outcomes suggested applying of fungi as direct, simple and sustainable approach in providing efficient AgNPs.

Microorganisms produce secondary metabolites to survive under stressful conditions. The effect of drought and heat stress on fungi isolated from Arabian desert soil during the hot (ca 40°C) and cool (ca 10°C) seasons was studied using the genome mining approach. The presence of three stress-related genes (calmodulin, polyketide synthase and beta tubulin) was analyzed molecularly using specific primers. The presence of the genes in desert fungi was compared to their antimicrobial (ten bacterial or fungal pathogens) and anticancer (liver, cervical and breast) properties and the production of thermostable enzymes (phytase and xylanase). The genes appeared to be present in the fungal sequence obtained during the summer, while none of the genes were present during winter. Appreciable differences were observed in enzyme activities, with summer activities high and winter low. The antagonistic activities of A. niger were relatively stable and varying, while those of P. chrysogenum were consistently higher in summer than in winter. The presence of the three genes seemed to correlate with the highly antagonistic activities of P. chrysogenum, while A. niger had relatively active winter isolates without any of the genes. The hot season in deserts yields fungal isolates with biological activities useful in biotechnological solutions.