The Marburg virus (MARV), discovered in 1967, has led to devastating outbreaks over the world; the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies according to the outbreak and viral type. The very first known filovirus hemorrhagic fever outbreaks occurred in Germany and the former Yugoslavia. MVD is a deadly illness caused by the MARV virus, part of the Filoviridae family. It progresses with early viral replication that damages immune cells, followed by destruction of organs like the spleen, liver, and lymphoid tissues. Combatting this disease requires proper health education, and strong strategies. MVD is a lethal single-stranded RNA virus transmitted by Egyptian rousette bats, with a fatality rate of approximately 90%. This work explored ongoing studies on the recent vaccine developments and experimental therapies, such as a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine and MVA-BN-Filo, aiming to combat this deadly infection. Over the previous years, MARV has also spread to non-endemic African countries, demonstrating its potential to cause epidemics. Although MARV-specific vaccines are evaluated in preclinical and clinical research, none have been approved for human use. Studies revealed that Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara, a well-established viral vector used to generate vaccines against emerging pathogens, can deliver multiple antigens and has a remarkable clinical safety and immunogenicity record. MVD has been recently reported in Rwanda in 2024, an African country, and nearly 15 outbreaks of MVD have been reported. This review describes the nature of the MVD, key outbreaks, the virus’s pathogenesis, mode of transmission, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and control and prevention measures to advance MVD treatment, drug development, vaccine creation, and prevention of MVD.

To determine the intricate associations between soft palate dimensions, pharyngeal airway lumen area, the minimal constricted area of the airway (MinAx), and pharyngeal airway volume in subjects with diverse vertical skeletal patterns, and to develop prediction models that could help clinicians predict upper airway volume using soft palate dimensions, airway lumen dimensions, and MinAx. Pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 80 women were classified into three vertical skeletal groups based on Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA angle): hypodivergent (FMA < 26.9°, n = 26), normodivergent (26.9°≤ FMA ≤ 34.1°, n = 29), and hyperdivergent (FMA > 34.1°, n = 25). Soft palate dimensions, pharyngeal airway lumen data, MinAx, retropalatal airway volume (RPV), and retroglossal airway volume (RGV) data were measured using MRI. Forward multiple linear regression was used to predict pharyngeal airway volumes. Among the eight predictive models developed, six exhibited strong performance, explaining 50%-77% of the variability in airway volumes. MinAx, RPV, and total pharyngeal airway volume (TPV) were considerably higher in hypodivergent subjects than in hyperdivergent subjects. Hyperdivergent subjects had a longer soft palate length (SPL) than normodivergent and hypodivergent subjects. The present study highlights the necessity of considering soft palate dimensions and airway characteristics in orthodontic treatment planning, especially for patients with varying vertical skeletal patterns. Understanding these relationships can help in predicting potential airway issues and customising treatment plans accordingly.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder in both pediatric and adult populations, characterized by substantial morbidity encompassing cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic impairments. Management strategies vary by age group and underlying etiology, with orthodontic and non-orthodontic interventions playing key roles. This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on orthodontic and non-orthodontic therapies for OSA in pediatric and adult populations, emphasizing individualized, multidisciplinary care approaches and highlighting future research directions. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies on diagnosis and management of OSA in children and adults from 2000 to 2025. Results: In pediatric patients, treatments such as rapid maxillary expansion (RME), mandibular advancement devices (MADs), and adenotonsillectomy have shown promising outcomes in improving airway dimensions and reducing apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). For adults, comprehensive management includes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, oral appliances, maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery, and emerging modalities such as hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Special attention is given to long-term treatment outcomes, adherence challenges, and multidisciplinary approaches. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for individualized therapy based on anatomical, functional, and compliance-related factors. As the understanding of OSA pathophysiology evolves, orthodontic and adjunctive therapies continue to expand their role in achieving durable and patient-centered outcomes in sleep apnea management.