Cancer treatments, including traditional chemotherapy, have failed to cure human malignancies. The main reasons for the failure of these treatments are the inevitable drug resistance and serious side effects. In clinical treatment, only 5 percent of the 50 percent of cancer patients who are able to receive conventional chemotherapy survive. Because of these factors, being able to develop a drug and treatment that can target only cancer cells without affecting normal cells remains a big challenge. Since the special properties of cisplatin in the treatment of malignant tumors were accidentally discovered in the last century, metal anticancer drugs have become a research hotspot. Metal anticancer drugs have unique pharmaceutical properties, such as ruthenium metal drugs with their high selectivity, low toxicity, easy absorption by tumor tissue, excretion, and so on. In recent years, efficient and low-toxicity metal antitumor complexes have been synthesized. In this paper, the scientific literature on platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), gold (Au), and other anticancer complexes was reviewed by referring to a large amount of relevant literature at home and abroad.

A simple and ultra-sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄ NS) was developed for the detection of PCT. This sensor presented excellent sensing performance and demonstrates potential for clinical application.

In this study, we synthesized a new monomer, namely, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene bearing a fluoro-containing phenylboronic acid (EDOT–FPBA) for enzyme-free glucose sensing at physiological conditions. The EDOT–FPBA monomer is electropolymerized on a glassy carbon electrode (poly(EDOT–FPBA)/GCE) at a constant voltage. The electrochemical polymerization was optimized to obtain a low impedance film interface and then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The specific interaction and pH dependence between poly(EDOT–FPBA)/GCE and glucose are detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a detection range from 0.05 to 25 mM with a detection limit of 0.05 mM at pH 7.0. The poly(EDOT–FPBA) exhibits 6 times higher sensitivity under physiological pH conditions in comparison with phenylboronic acid and 3-pyridylboronic acid conjugated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), due to the introduction of an electron-withdrawing F substituent into the benzene ring of phenylboronic acid (PBA) reducing the pK_a value of PBA. The sensitivity and the dynamic range cover all levels of blood glucose in the serum of patients with diabetes. Furthermore, with advantages of high sensitivity and wide detection range, reusability, stability, and mass productivity, poly(EDOT–FPBA) as a glucose sensor has great potential for enzyme-free glucose continuous monitoring applications.

Herein, an ultra-sensitive and facile electrochemical biosensor for procalcitonin (PCT) detection was developed based on NiCoP/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites. Firstly, NiCoP/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were synthesized using hydrothermal methods and then functionalized on the electrode surface by π-π stacking. Afterward, the monoclonal antibody that can specifically capture the PCT was successfully linked onto the surface of the nanocomposites with a 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) condensation reaction. Finally, the modified sensor was employed for the electrochemical analysis of PCT using differential Pulse Voltammetry(DPV). Notably, the larger surface area of g-C₃N₄ and the higher electron transfer capacity of NiCoP/g-C₃N₄ endow this sensor with a wider detection range (1 ag/mL to 10 ng/mL) and an ultra-low limit of detection (0.6 ag/mL, S/N = 3). In addition, this strategy was also successfully applied to the detection of PCT in the diluted human serum sample, demonstrating that the developed immunosensors have the potential for application in clinical testing.