Nowadays, green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively investigated to explore their biological potential. They are being explored to treat different infectious and cancerous diseases. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera on breast cancer (MCF-7) and HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell lines. M. oleifera-mediated AgNPs were synthesized from the M. oleifera extract (MOE) and then characterized through the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Biosynthesized AgNPs and MOE were employed on MCF-7 and HUVEC cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. More cytotoxic effects were observed by AgNPs and MOE on MCF-7 cell lines. The IC₅₀ for biosynthesized AgNPs was found to be 5 μg/mL. DNA damage was also observed by the MOE and AgNPs on MCF-7 cell lines. However, non-significant DNA damage was observed by MOE and AgNPs on HUVEC cell lines. The findings of the current study revealed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of biosynthesized AgNPs on MCF-7 cell lines. However, these AgNPs were considered safe for normal HUVEC cell lines.

Flubendiamide (FLB) is an insecticide that is commonly employed to control pests on a variety of vegetables and fruits, with low toxicity for non-target organisms. However, due to its widespread use, the environmental risks and food safety have become major concerns. In this study, the toxicity potential of FLB was studied in the model organisms, Allium cepa and Drosophila melanogaster. The cyto-genotoxic effects of FLB on the root growth, mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in A. cepa root meristematic cells were investigated using the root growth inhibition Allium test and Comet assays. FLB caused CAs in the form of disturbed ana-telophase, chromosome laggards, stickiness, anaphase-bridge and polyploidy depending on the concentration and the exposure time. The toxicity and genotoxicity of FLB at various doses (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) on D. melanogaster were investigated from the point of view of larval weight and movement, pupal formation success, pupal position, emergence success and DNA damage, respectively. FLB exposure led to a significant reduction of the locomotor activity at the highest concentration. While DNA damage increased significantly in the FLB-treated onions depending on the concentration and time, DNA damage in the FLB-treated D. melanogaster significantly increased only at the highest dose compared to that which occurred in the control group. Moreover, to provide a mechanistic insight into the genotoxic and locomotion-disrupting effects of FLB, molecular docking simulations of this pesticide were performed against the DNA and diamondback moth (DBM) ryanodine receptor (RyR) Repeat34 domain. The docking studies revealed that FLB binds strongly to a DNA region that is rich in cytosine-guanine-adenine bases (C-G-A) in the minor groove, and it displayed a remarkable binding affinity against the DBM RyR Repeat34 domain.

The milking preparation time of 1 minute is sufficient for good milk ejection for all animals regardless of lactation stage. The milk flow and milk production of the cow determine the milking time and have a significant impact on the efficiency of the milking parlour.Based on the data obtained from these observations and measurements, the efficiency of the 2 x 5 Herringbone milking parlor was calculated in the 12 observations expressed in kilograms of milk per milking station and per hour.As experience was gained and the milking routine standardized after 3 months, the amount of 50 kg of milk per milking post and hour was reached.A strict milking routine in which teats are cleaned and dried within 30 seconds and the application of milking units 60 seconds after the start of stimulation increases milk production by 450 kg per lactation and brings an extra 320 l/ cow/lactation.The access of the cows to the milking parlor was the activity for which long periods of time were recorded. Accustoming the animals to the new milking conditions took almost 3 months.The average access time of a series of 5 cows to the milking stalls decreased from 6.8-7.0 minutes recorded in the first 2 observations to 2.5 minutes in the last observation

The effect of manual stimulation on milking performance and on some parameters of milk production showed that the average milk production per milking was higher in animals with manual stimulation (12.3 kg) compared to the average milk production in animals without stimulation (12.0 kg).At the same time, the average time per milking in animals with manual stimulation was 4.8 minutes, and in animals without stimulation it was 5.3 minutes (in addition 0.5 minutes). The compositional quality was not affected by the two treatments. There were also no significant differences between the means of fat or protein percentages. The average number of somatic cells in the milk of animals with manual stimulation was 197,000 cells/ml, and in animals without stimulation of 246,000 cells/ml of milk. An increase of 49,000 cells/ml can be observed in animals without stimulation, the difference in this case being significant (p< 0.05). The higher number of somatic cells in unstimulated animals is the result of not removing the first milk jets that contain the highest load of bacteria and somatic cells.Regarding the milk flow, it is 2.56 kg/minute (average milking 1 + milking 2) in animals with stimulation and 2.26 kg/minute in animals without stimulation. The difference between the 2 means was + 0.30 kg/minute, being distinctly significant ( p < 0.01).Regarding the influence of the standard milking routine on milking performance and milk production parameters, it must ensure a uniform treatment for each cow, at each milking, regardless of the stage of lactation, the number of lactations or the person performing the milking. Almost 15-25% of the total milk secreted by the mammary gland represents residual milk, also called complementary milk. In the research carried out in the animals of the first group, residual milk represented 15.48% of the total milk produced by the mammary gland and 14.72% in the animals of the second group.The residual milk fat percentage was 9.38% in group 1 animals and 9.42% in group 2 animals.

The highest frequency is on day 1 (after treatment) after which it gradually decreases. It should be noted that no antibiotic residues were detected in the collected milk samples prior to treatment. Antibiotic residues may be detected in the milk of recently calved animals due to intramammary treatments during the dry period (chronic mastitis). If the period after treatment is less than 15 days until calving, the frequency of detecting residues in milk after calving is high. As noted, there were two (10%) positive results, after the expiration of the waiting period, one in intramammary treated animals and one in intramuscular treated animals on the fourth day, the first day after the waiting period. The somatic cell count in the positive sample from intramammary treated animals was 2850000 cells/ml and 337000 cells/ml in the sample from intramuscular treated animals. The antibiotic residue test was influenced by the components of the milk with mastitis. From the analysis of the treatment register, it was found that the intramuscularly treated cow received an overdose of penicillin. This overdose resulted in a massive accumulation of penicillin in the animal’s body resulting in an extension of the elimination period by one more day.