Stroke is a common worldwide health problem and a crucial contributor to gained disability. The abilities of people, who are subjected to stroke, to live independently are significantly affected since affected upper limbs' functions are essential for our daily life. This review article focuses on emerging trends in BCI-controlled rehabilitation techniques based on EMG, EEG, or EGM + EEG signals in the last few years. Working on developing rehabilitation robotics, is considered a wealthy scientific area for researchers in the last period. There is a significant advantage that the human acquires from the interaction between the machine and his body, rehabilitation for a patient's limb is very important to get the body limb recovery, and this is what is provided mostly by applying robotic devices.

Knee ankle foot orthoses (KAFOs) are used by paraplegia patients with low level spinal cord injury and having well control of the stem muscles. Four layers of carbon fiber with C- orthocryl lamination resin are used for manufacturing the knee ankle foot orthoses in this work. The mechanical properties of most of the components materials were estimated with the aid of fatigue and tensile test machines. Results of the tensile tests showed that the mechanical properties: yield stress, ultimate strength and modulus of elasticity were 92MPa, 105.7MPa and 2GPa respectively. The value of amidst pressure between the patient limb and the manufactured KAFO was measured using (F-socket) Mat scan sensor and these values of pressure were (663kPa) and (316kPa) for the thigh and calf regions respectively.

This work involved an experimental study into the tensile and fatigue properties of selected below-knee prosthetic socket materials fabricated using a vacuum moulding technique. The composite materials were composed of number of carbon-fibre layers (8 layers) and carbon fibre with perlon layers (11 layers).The Ground Reaction Force (GRF), Center of Pressure (COP) and pressure distribution) for a patient of around 27years old of height 170cm and weight75kg were measured, and the results showed that the ultimate stress (Ϭult)for carbon fibrewas135 MPa, while for carbon fibre with perlon in an 80:20 matrix, it was 98 MPa.The fatigue limit for carbon fibre was 30 MPa and for carbon fibre with perlon it was 45 MPa. The data on gait cycle GRF was gained by using a force plate to measure pressure distribution using an F-socket, and these were collected using a patient with a below-knee amputation wearing a prosthetic of type BK. The internal pressure between the patient's stump and the prosthetic socket was measured by using the F-socket Mat scan sensor; this reached its maximum value (52KPa) at both heel strike and toe off.

A standard knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) is typically prescribed to support the limb during locomotion, during which (KAFO) is used for people with isolated quadriceps weakness or paralysis. In this paper the measurement applied on girl undergoing palsy children in her left leg as a case study. The first pathological concern is of age, weight, length and the residual palsy limb of 30 years old, 59kg, 156 cm, and 76 cm respectively, while the second test done is on man suffering flexion knee and shorten left leg due to injection by a needle in a wrong position when he was a child. The pathological concern is of age, weight, length and the residual defect limb of 35years, 82kg, 172 cm, and 80 cm respectively. This work involves two major parts: the first of which is the experimental part to measure the ground reaction force for both healthy and intake legs. The interface pressure between leg and calf part is measured for twelve points covering the total KAFO surface area, while the vibration data (velocity, acceleration and frequency) are measured at the last stage for the patient at different positions during the gait cycle. The second part is the numerical part during which stresses is calculated using ANSYS software for two cases, the first one is calculating stresses due to IP loading condition, while the second is calculating stresses due to the harmonic and spectrum vibration type. The above procedures were used for two types of KAFO, the first one is for metal-metal KAFO type and the second is for the plastic-metal KAFO type. The result shows that the GRF for the healthy person limb is greater than that of the intake person limb in about (17 %) while the healthy limb has GRF lesser than that of the intake limb for the same person in (2.2%). The Maximum IP is recorded in the posterior regions in the thigh part with (51Kpa). The result shows that the maximum Vibration data is in the sensing position at the knee on (8.5 and 5.9)for acceleration and frequency respectively at knee region for the plastic-metal KAFO type. Using plastic-metal KAFO type also leads to reduce the vibration data on (6.4% and 26%) for both acceleration and frequency respectively at thigh region.