A standard knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) is typically prescribed to support the limb during locomotion, during which (KAFO) is used for people with isolated quadriceps weakness or paralysis. In this paper the measurement applied on girl undergoing palsy children in her left leg as a case study. The first pathological concern is of age, weight, length and the residual palsy limb of 30 years old, 59kg, 156 cm, and 76 cm respectively, while the second test done is on man suffering flexion knee and shorten left leg due to injection by a needle in a wrong position when he was a child. The pathological concern is of age, weight, length and the residual defect limb of 35years, 82kg, 172 cm, and 80 cm respectively. This work involves two major parts: the first of which is the experimental part to measure the ground reaction force for both healthy and intake legs. The interface pressure between leg and calf part is measured for twelve points covering the total KAFO surface area, while the vibration data (velocity, acceleration and frequency) are measured at the last stage for the patient at different positions during the gait cycle. The second part is the numerical part during which stresses is calculated using ANSYS software for two cases, the first one is calculating stresses due to IP loading condition, while the second is calculating stresses due to the harmonic and spectrum vibration type. The above procedures were used for two types of KAFO, the first one is for metal-metal KAFO type and the second is for the plastic-metal KAFO type. The result shows that the GRF for the healthy person limb is greater than that of the intake person limb in about (17 %) while the healthy limb has GRF lesser than that of the intake limb for the same person in (2.2%). The Maximum IP is recorded in the posterior regions in the thigh part with (51Kpa). The result shows that the maximum Vibration data is in the sensing position at the knee on (8.5 and 5.9)for acceleration and frequency respectively at knee region for the plastic-metal KAFO type. Using plastic-metal KAFO type also leads to reduce the vibration data on (6.4% and 26%) for both acceleration and frequency respectively at thigh region.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of vibration on the amputee’s Comfort experimentally. The vibration transmitted from the artificial limb to the human body by free and forced vibration is taken into consideration. An experimental rig was constructed for this purpose and it consists of a shaking table equipped with a cam mechanism, AC motor, PLC speed variator (inventor) and suitable springs. A measurement device is used to collect the displacement, velocity, and acceleration spectrum with computer interface in different points along the prosthetic limb and the healthy limb. The experiments were carried out on an amputee whose amputation is in his leg during the Iraqi-Iranian war in the eighteens of the last century. This work is planned to serve the increasing number of amputee to supply them with more comfortable artificial limbs.

This work involved three parts, the first one is manufacturing different types of laminated below knee prosthetic socket materials with different classical laminated materials used in Baghdad center for prosthetic and orthotic (4perlon layers+2carbon fiber layer+4 perlon layers), and suggested two laminated materials (3perlon layers+2carbon fiber layer+3 perlon layers) and (3perlon layers+1carbon fiber layer+3 perlon layers)) in order to choose the perfect laminated socket. While the second part is tested (Impact test) the laminated materials specimens used in socket manufacturing in order to get the impact properties for each socket materials groups using an experimental rig designed especially for this purpose. Also the interface pressure between the residual leg and prosthetic socket is measured covering all the surface area of the B-K prosthetic socket by using piezoelectric sensor in order to estimation the resulting stress according to loading conditions. A male with age, length, mass, and stump length of 42 years, 164 cm, 67 Kg and 13 cm respectively with a right transtibial amputation was chosen to achieve the above mentioned testing procedures. Finally the last part suggested a theoretical and analytical model for each group of specimens to find out the absorbed energy behavior and subjected maximum stress for each laminated B-K prosthetic socket materials.

Additionally, it has been demonstrated that osseointegrated implantation offers superior proprioception and control over the prosthesis, enabling more natural movement and improved functional results. Additionally, it lowers the chance of falling and increases energy transfer efficiency, making it simpler for amputees to engage in physical activity. Furthermore, as compared to conventional socket prosthesis attachment, osseointegrated implantation has been linked to higher patient satisfaction and quality of life. It is crucial to remember that osseointegration is a surgical operation with risks including infection and implant failure. Additionally, for effective implantation, it needs a specific amount and quality of bone, which may restrict its usage in some individuals. Furthermore, osseointegrated implantation could be more expensive than conventional socket prosthetics. Understanding the efficacy and safety of this method requires research on complication rates and outcome metrics in patients having osseointegrated prosthesis implantation. You may acquire information on things like infection rates, implant failure, patient satisfaction, and functional results by studying original research papers. Clinical decision-making can then be improved with the use of this information. In transfemoral amputees, osseointegration has showed promise as a powerful substitute for socket prostheses. A growing corpus of research has shown that osseointegrated implantation provides advantages in terms of increasing mobility, decreasing discomfort, and improving general quality of life. The efficiency of osseointegration for transtibial and upper extremity implants has received little attention. Minor soft tissue infections are the most frequent consequences, although they are manageable with the right treatment and monitoring. To further reduce the risk of problems and improve the overall success of osseointegrated implantation, research and development are ongoingly focused on enhancing surgical methods and implant design. Although osseointegration has a lot of potential, not all amputees may be good candidates for it. Considerations for osseointegrated implantation must take into consideration elements including the degree and nature of the amputation, the quality and density of the bone, and the desires of the patient.