This study focuses on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of an onshore wind farm in India. The study is conducted on 10 Vestas 1.65 MW wind turbines situated in the Karnataka state of India. Following the ISO 14044 standard, SimaPro LCA software is used to model the process. The functional unit is chosen as 1 MWh sent out electricity. The results of the life cycle-based emissions of wind farm are compared with those of the coal power plant. The global warming potential is found to be 11.3 g CO₂-eq/MWh for wind power, which is 98.8% lower than that for the coal power plant. A comparison of data available in SimaPro LCA software was carried out with data in GaBi software. There is a small difference between the two databases. This may be due to different boundary and inclusion of input items. Steel, aluminium, and concrete contributed 86%, 84%, 84% and 85% of total CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions, respectively. Recycling the materials of a wind turbine at the end of its life can reduce the environmental impact. Higher capacity factors can increase the electricity generation with reduced environmental impact. A 22% increase in capacity factor can reduce environmental impact by 19%. In addition, the increase in the life of wind turbines reduces the environmental impact, as a wind turbine only has a few moving parts and requires minimum regular maintenance.

Wind energy is an alternative energy generation from non-renewable energy resources. The turbine is used to exploit wind energy. Different components of a wind turbine necessitate different materials and metals. There is a dependency of the materials on foreign countries. To avoid future problems regarding the availability of these materials in India, it is necessary to forecast the quantity and the price of the materials and metals. Thus, this study mainly focuses on the estimation of the raw materials, rare earth, and critical metals used in manufacturing the wind turbine. Two wind turbines of 1.65 MW and 3.45 MW capacity, 78 m and 94 m hub height are considered for the study. The major raw materials are steel, aluminum, copper, cast iron, fiber glass with epoxy resin, and ceramic/glass. The requirement of rare earth elements (Nd) depends on the type of wind turbine direct drive or geared, and the type of generator used in the direct-drive wind turbine. The results estimated the requirement of materials and rare earth elements and the expected price in the future for 100% wind energy production in India.

The need for clean, sustainable and cost-effective energy sources leads to the installation of wind turbines with advanced technologies. One of the main parameters which govern the productivity of any wind turbine is its power generation capacity. The higher the incoming wind speed, the more the power generation, but the challenges faced by wind turbine is in low wind speeds. Hence, it becomes important to boost the efficiency of wind turbine with modified designs for lower wind urban regions. The prime objective is to boost the power production of a conventional two-bladed VAWT with the application of convergent-divergent type wind lens. Ansys CFX is employed for numerical analysis of flow around the rotor of straight bladed H-Darrieus turbine. Different turbulence models are analysed and SST k-ω model is well validated with experimental result. Power coefficient values are evaluated at a range of 0.5 to 3 tip speed ratios in both cases. Simulation result is validated with experimental results in terms of power coefficient. Computational result is validated with 4% error and 2% error for simple VAWT and VAWT with wind lens respectively. The results show an enhancement of 2.6 times the power coefficient values of conventional VAWT.

This study analyses Indian export–import and domestic production data of mobile phones and smartphones to quantify historically generated e-waste from discarded devices over a 20-year period (2001–2021). An exponential time smoothing method was used to forecast the waste generation trends for 2022–2035. The metal recovery and embedded values of the metals (precious metals, base metals, and rare earth battery metals) in the PCBs and displays of mobile phones and smartphones were assessed for the same period. The findings indicate that in the PCBs, Au and Pd contribute the most, while Ag is the dominant contributor in displays of mobile phones. The potential economic value of metals varies mainly because of the fluctuating prices of metals in the international market.

India’s rapid growth in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems is driving strong growth in lithium-ion battery demand. This study provides an India-specific life cycle assessment of manufacturing using imported primary materials with pathways incorporating domestically recycled materials. Two battery chemistries of strategic relevance to India, nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC 532) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP), were evaluated using a functional unit of 1 kWh battery pack. The ReCiPe midpoint method was used to quantify the environmental impacts, with a focus on major emission indicators (CO₂, NO_x, SO_x, and PM₁₀) in the Indian electricity mix. The results show that NMC 532 batteries exhibit higher emissions than LFP batteries, largely due to the energy-intensive production of nickel and cobalt sulphate precursors. The incorporation of recycled materials substantially reduces emissions for both chemistries. It decreases by 30% for NMC532 and 36% for LFP. Hotspot analysis shows that precursor production, electricity use, and chemical inputs in hydrometallurgical recycling are the main causes of the remaining effects. This study shows that integrating recycling to India’s LIB supply chain improves climate and air quality outcomes, enhances critical mineral recovery and supports sustainable manufacturing through circular economy pathways for India’s battery and clean energy transition.