The recent outbreak of the SARS CoV-2 virus has had a significant effect on human respiratory health around the world. The contagious disease infected a large proportion of the world population, resulting in long-term health issues and an excessive mortality rate. The SARS CoV-2 virus can spread as small aerosols and enters the respiratory systems through the oral (nose or mouth) airway. The SARS CoV-2 particle transport to the mouth–throat and upper airways is analyzed by the available literature. Due to the tiny size, the virus can travel to the terminal airways of the respiratory system and form a severe health hazard. There is a gap in the understanding of the SARS CoV-2 particle transport to the terminal airways. The present study investigated the SARS CoV-2 virus particle transport and deposition to the terminal airways in a complex 17-generation lung model. This first-ever study demonstrates how far SARS CoV-2 particles can travel in the respiratory system. ANSYS Fluent solver was used to simulate the virus particle transport during sleep and light and heavy activity conditions. Numerical results demonstrate that a higher percentage of the virus particles are trapped at the upper airways when sleeping and in a light activity condition. More virus particles have lung contact in the right lung than the left lung. A comprehensive lobe specific deposition and deposition concentration study was performed. The results of this study provide a precise knowledge of the SARs CoV-2 particle transport to the lower branches and could help the lung health risk assessment system.

In recent years, pulmonary diseases have posed severe health problems because of increasing air pollution. Some of the promising drug delivery devices for administering the active pharmaceutical ingredients through the pulmonary route include a pressurized metered-dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler (DPI) for the management of respiratory illness. The drug settling (deposition) efficiency in different regions of a human respiratory tract (HRT) for different drug particle sizes is computed using the discrete phase model in the current study. A computer tomography-based realistic HRT replica is used for this purpose with different inhalation rates following a realistic inhalation profile through the DPI device. Unsteady flow analysis is carried out in a human respiratory system up to the sixth-generation bronchi. The particle force balance equation is used in the discrete-phase model to simulate the motion of drug particles in the HRT. Low, moderate, and high inhalation rates following realistic inhalation profiles are used in the present study. The particles of larger size are deposited more in the oral cavity and are deposited higher at a higher inhalation rate due to higher inertia force. It is also observed that drug particle size plays a key role in drug delivery through dry powder inhalers. It is also found that drugs should contain smaller-sized particles (called fine particles) to enable their reach in the distal bronchi.

This study focuses on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of an onshore wind farm in India. The study is conducted on 10 Vestas 1.65 MW wind turbines situated in the Karnataka state of India. Following the ISO 14044 standard, SimaPro LCA software is used to model the process. The functional unit is chosen as 1 MWh sent out electricity. The results of the life cycle-based emissions of wind farm are compared with those of the coal power plant. The global warming potential is found to be 11.3 g CO₂-eq/MWh for wind power, which is 98.8% lower than that for the coal power plant. A comparison of data available in SimaPro LCA software was carried out with data in GaBi software. There is a small difference between the two databases. This may be due to different boundary and inclusion of input items. Steel, aluminium, and concrete contributed 86%, 84%, 84% and 85% of total CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions, respectively. Recycling the materials of a wind turbine at the end of its life can reduce the environmental impact. Higher capacity factors can increase the electricity generation with reduced environmental impact. A 22% increase in capacity factor can reduce environmental impact by 19%. In addition, the increase in the life of wind turbines reduces the environmental impact, as a wind turbine only has a few moving parts and requires minimum regular maintenance.