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Dr. David Carvalho
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

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0 Data Assimilation
0 Numerical Weather Prediction
0 Renewable energies
0 Climate Variability and Change
0 Atmospheric modelling

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Atmospheric motion vectors
Numerical Weather Prediction
Climate Variability and Change

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Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The impacts of climate change on the future European wind resource were investigated according to two of the latest future climate scenarios of CMIP6. Towards the end of the current century SSP2-4.5 projects that some small localized areas can experience an increase in the future wind energy resource (around 15–30 % in eastern Ukraine and Turkey). However, all other European areas will experience a significant decrease (5–15 %), particularly towards the end of the current century in the British Isles, Poland, western Ukraine and northern Norway (10–20 %). For the same time period, SSP5-8.5 projects a decrease in future wind energy resource in practically all of Europe (10–20 %), particularly at northern Norway, Poland and western Ukraine (25–30 %). There is significant uncertainty in changes in the wind resource inter- and intra-annual variability, although SSP2-4.5 projects an increase of the latter over Iberia and eastern Ukraine. These results reveal that CMIP6 future wind resource projections for Europe show relevant differences when compared to CMIP5. Unlike CMIP5, CMIP6 does not project an increase in wind resource for Northern Europe, showing a strong decline for practically all of Europe by the end of the century (SSP5-8.5). CMIP6 projects a strong increase in wind resource in future summer in some areas of southern Europe, whereas CMIP5 projected the opposite (decrease in southern Europe during summer). Unlike CMIP5, in CMIP6 stronger radiative forcing scenarios not only enhance the differences when compared to milder scenarios, but also change the spatial patterns of changes in the wind resource.

ACS Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; X. Costoya; M. Decastro; M. Gómez-Gesteira. Wind energy resource over Europe under CMIP6 future climate projections: What changes from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 151, 111594 .

AMA Style

D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, X. Costoya, M. Decastro, M. Gómez-Gesteira. Wind energy resource over Europe under CMIP6 future climate projections: What changes from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 151 ():111594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; X. Costoya; M. Decastro; M. Gómez-Gesteira. 2021. "Wind energy resource over Europe under CMIP6 future climate projections: What changes from CMIP5 to CMIP6." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 151, no. : 111594.

Article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Climatic Change
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Future changes in the mean, maximum, and minimum surface temperature over Europe are investigated according to CMIP6 future climate projections. All the temperature variables are projected to increase across Europe particularly in northern and southernmost latitudes, where according to SSP5-8.5 the warming can reach 2–3 (5–6) °C at the middle (end) of the current century. The warming is particularly strong in Northern (Mediterranean) areas in winter (summer) seasons. The occurrence of hot days (mean temperature > 30 °C) is projected to increase in all southern Europe by the end of the century (> 40–60 days/year), particularly in the southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Turkey. Increases in the occurrence of very hot days (maximum temperature > 40 °C) are projected in the central-southern areas of the Iberian Peninsula (30–40 days/year) and southern Turkey (> 50 days/year) in the end of the century. Tropical nights are expected to increase throughout the century in all Europe (except the northernmost latitudes), particularly at southern Europe for the 2081–2100 period (50–80 nights/year). Frost days (minimum temperature < 0 °C) are expected to occur less in all Europe towards the end of the century, with less than 50–70 days/year in central Europe and even less in Scandinavia and north-eastern Russia.

ACS Style

D Carvalho; S Cardoso Pereira; A Rocha. Future surface temperatures over Europe according to CMIP6 climate projections: an analysis with original and bias-corrected data. Climatic Change 2021, 167, 1 -17.

AMA Style

D Carvalho, S Cardoso Pereira, A Rocha. Future surface temperatures over Europe according to CMIP6 climate projections: an analysis with original and bias-corrected data. Climatic Change. 2021; 167 (1-2):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D Carvalho; S Cardoso Pereira; A Rocha. 2021. "Future surface temperatures over Europe according to CMIP6 climate projections: an analysis with original and bias-corrected data." Climatic Change 167, no. 1-2: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Atmosphere
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This work aims to compare the performance of the single‑(SLUCM) and multilayer (BEP-Building effect parameterization) urban canopy models (UCMs) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), along with the application of two urban heat island (UHI) identification methods. The identification methods are: (1) the “classic method”, based on the temperature difference between urban and rural areas; (2) the “local method” based on the temperature difference at each urban location when the model land use is considered urban, and when it is replaced by the dominant rural land use category of the urban surroundings. The study is performed as a case study for the city of Lisbon, Portugal, during the record-breaking August 2003 heatwave event. Two main differences were found in the UHI intensity (UHII) and spatial distribution between the identification methods: a reduction by half in the UHII during nighttime when using the local method; and a dipole signal in the daytime and nighttime UHI spatial pattern when using the classic method, associated with the sheltering effect provided by the high topography in the northern part of the city, that reduces the advective cooling in the lower areas under prevalent northern wind conditions. These results highlight the importance of using the local method in UHI modeling studies to fully isolate urban canopy and regional geographic contributions to the UHII and distribution. Considerable improvements were obtained in the near‑surface temperature representation by coupling WRF with the UCMs but better with SLUCM. The nighttime UHII over the most densely urbanized areas is lower in BEP, which can be linked to its larger nocturnal turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) near the surface and negative sensible heat (SH) fluxes. The latter may be associated with the lower surface skin temperature found in BEP, possibly owing to larger turbulent SH fluxes near the surface. Due to its higher urban TKE, BEP significantly overestimates the planetary boundary layer height compared with SLUCM and observations from soundings. The comparison with a previous study for the city of Lisbon shows that BEP model simulation results heavily rely on the number and distribution of vertical levels within the urban canopy.

ACS Style

Rui Silva; Ana Carvalho; David Carvalho; Alfredo Rocha. Study of Urban Heat Islands Using Different Urban Canopy Models and Identification Methods. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 521 .

AMA Style

Rui Silva, Ana Carvalho, David Carvalho, Alfredo Rocha. Study of Urban Heat Islands Using Different Urban Canopy Models and Identification Methods. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (4):521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Silva; Ana Carvalho; David Carvalho; Alfredo Rocha. 2021. "Study of Urban Heat Islands Using Different Urban Canopy Models and Identification Methods." Atmosphere 12, no. 4: 521.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
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A set of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) was performed to investigate the utility of a constellation of passive infrared spectrometers, strategically designed with the aim of deriving the three-dimensional retrievals of the horizontal wind via atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from instruments with the spectral resolution of an infrared sounder. The instrument and constellation designs were performed in the context of the Midwave Infrared Sounding of Temperature and humidity in a Constellation for Winds (MISTiC Winds). The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office OSSE system, which includes a full suite of operational meteorological observations, served as the control. To illustrate the potential impact of this observing strategy, two experiments were performed by adding the new simulated observations to the control. First, perfect (error free) simulated AMVs and radiances were assimilated. Second, the data were made imperfect by adding realistic modeled errors to the AMVs and radiances that were assimilated. The experimentation showed beneficial impacts on both the mass and wind fields, as based on analysis verification, forecast verification, and the assessment of the observations using the forecast sensitivity to observation impact (FSOI) metric. In all variables and metrics, the impacts of the imperfect observations were smaller than those of the perfect observations, although much of the positive benefit was retained. The FSOI metric illustrated two key points. First, the largest impacts were seen in the middle troposphere AMVs, which is a targeted capability of the constellation strategy. Second, the addition of modeled errors showed that the assimilation system was unable to fully exploit the 4.3-μm carbon dioxide absorption radiances.

ACS Style

Will McCarty; David Carvalho; Isaac Moradi; Nikki C. Privé. Observing System Simulation Experiments Investigating Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Radiances from a Constellation of 4–5-μm Infrared Sounders. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2021, 38, 331 -347.

AMA Style

Will McCarty, David Carvalho, Isaac Moradi, Nikki C. Privé. Observing System Simulation Experiments Investigating Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Radiances from a Constellation of 4–5-μm Infrared Sounders. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2021; 38 (2):331-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Will McCarty; David Carvalho; Isaac Moradi; Nikki C. Privé. 2021. "Observing System Simulation Experiments Investigating Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Radiances from a Constellation of 4–5-μm Infrared Sounders." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38, no. 2: 331-347.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Offshore renewable energy has a high potential for ensuring the successful implementation of the European decarbonization agenda planned for the near future. Hybrid wind-wave farms can reduce installation and maintenance costs, and increase the renewable energy availability of a location by compensating for the wind’s intermittent nature with good wave conditions. In addition, wave farms can provide protection to wind farms, and the combined wind/wave farm can provide coastal protection. This work aims to assess the future hybrid wind-wave energy resource for the northwest coast of Iberian Peninsula for the near future (2026–2045), under the RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas emission scenario. This assessment was accomplished by applying a Delphi classification method to define four categories, aiming to evaluate the richness (wind and wave energy availability, downtime), the variability (temporal variation), the environmental risk (extreme events), and cost parameters (water depth and distance to coast) of the wind and wave resources. The combined index (CI), which classifies the hybrid wind-wave resource, shows that most of the NW Iberian Peninsula presents good conditions (CI > 0.6) for exploiting energy from wind and wave resources simultaneously. Additionally, there are some particularly optimal areas (CI > 0.7), such as the region near Cape Roca, and the Galician coast.

ACS Style

Americo Ribeiro; Xurxo Costoya; Maite De Castro; David Carvalho; Joao Dias; Alfredo Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira. Assessment of Hybrid Wind-Wave Energy Resource for the NW Coast of Iberian Peninsula in a Climate Change Context. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7395 .

AMA Style

Americo Ribeiro, Xurxo Costoya, Maite De Castro, David Carvalho, Joao Dias, Alfredo Rocha, Moncho Gomez-Gesteira. Assessment of Hybrid Wind-Wave Energy Resource for the NW Coast of Iberian Peninsula in a Climate Change Context. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Americo Ribeiro; Xurxo Costoya; Maite De Castro; David Carvalho; Joao Dias; Alfredo Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira. 2020. "Assessment of Hybrid Wind-Wave Energy Resource for the NW Coast of Iberian Peninsula in a Climate Change Context." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7395.

Article
Published: 09 October 2020 in Climate Dynamics
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Future changes in the mean, maximum and minimum temperature in the Iberian Peninsula were investigated using bias-corrected EURO-CORDEX climate projections. The results show that the future temperatures are projected to substantially increase in all the Iberian Peninsula, particularly towards the end of the century at the south-central region. Mean and maximum temperatures are projected to increase around 2 °C (4 °C) for the 2046–2065 (2081–2100) period, with much higher frequencies of days above 20 (mean temperature) and 30 °C (maximum temperature). However, much higher increases are projected in the south of Spain, Cantabrian and Pyrinees mountain ranges, while lower ones are projected for the Atlantic coastal areas. In the south-central part of the Iberian Peninsula, hot days (mean temperature > 30 °C) are projected to increase 20–35 days/year (40–80 days/year) for the period 2046–2065 (2081–2100), while very hot days (maximum temperature > 40 °C) are projected to increase 10–25 days/year (10–50 days/year) for the period 2046–2065 (2081–2100). These results show a clear tendency, associated with a high confidence, in a significant increase of the surface temperatures and in the frequency of high temperature episodes in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, which can have severe impacts on the population, environment and economy. The currently hottest areas located in south-central Iberian Peninsula are also the ones with the highest projected temperature increases, which will significantly exacerbate the temperature stress in these areas.

ACS Style

D. Carvalho; S. Cardoso Pereira; A. Rocha. Future surface temperature changes for the Iberian Peninsula according to EURO-CORDEX climate projections. Climate Dynamics 2020, 56, 123 -138.

AMA Style

D. Carvalho, S. Cardoso Pereira, A. Rocha. Future surface temperature changes for the Iberian Peninsula according to EURO-CORDEX climate projections. Climate Dynamics. 2020; 56 (1-2):123-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Carvalho; S. Cardoso Pereira; A. Rocha. 2020. "Future surface temperature changes for the Iberian Peninsula according to EURO-CORDEX climate projections." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 1-2: 123-138.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
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An algorithm to simulate locations of atmospheric motion vectors for use in observing system simulation experiments is described and demonstrated. It is intended to obviate likely deficiencies in nature run data if used to produce images for feature tracking. The algorithm employs probabilistic functions that are tuned based on distributions of real observations and histograms of nature run fields. For distinct observation types, the algorithm produces geographical and vertical distributions, time-mean counts, and typical spacings of simulated locations that are, at least qualitatively, similar to those of real observations and are associated with nature run cloud and water vapor fields. It thus appears suitable for generating realistic atmospheric motion vectors for use in observing system simulation experiments.

ACS Style

Ronald M. Errico; David Carvalho; Nikki C. Privé; Meta Sienkiewicz. Simulation of Atmospheric Motion Vectors for an Observing System Simulation Experiment. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2020, 37, 489 -505.

AMA Style

Ronald M. Errico, David Carvalho, Nikki C. Privé, Meta Sienkiewicz. Simulation of Atmospheric Motion Vectors for an Observing System Simulation Experiment. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2020; 37 (3):489-505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ronald M. Errico; David Carvalho; Nikki C. Privé; Meta Sienkiewicz. 2020. "Simulation of Atmospheric Motion Vectors for an Observing System Simulation Experiment." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 3: 489-505.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2019 in Journal of Climate
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The quality of MERRA-2 surface wind fields was assessed by comparing them with 10 years of measurements from a wide range of surface wind observing platforms. This assessment includes a comparison of MERRA-2 global surface wind fields with the ones from its predecessor, MERRA, to assess if GMAO’s latest reanalyses improved the representation of the global surface winds. At the same time, surface wind fields from other modern reanalyses—NCEP-CFSR, ERA-Interim, and JRA-55—were also included in the comparisons to evaluate MERRA-2 global surface wind fields in the context of its contemporary reanalyses. Results show that MERRA-2, CFSR, ERA-Interim, and JRA-55 show similar error metrics while MERRA consistently shows the highest errors. Thus, when compared with wind observations, the accuracy of MERRA-2 surface wind fields represents a clear improvement over its predecessor MERRA and is in line with the other contemporary reanalyses in terms of the representation of global near-surface wind fields. All reanalyses showed a tendency to underestimate ocean surface winds (particularly in the tropics) and, oppositely, to overestimate inland surface winds (except JRA-55, which showed a global tendency to underestimate the wind speeds); to represent the wind direction rotated clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (positive bias) and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (negative bias), with the exception of JRA-55; and to show higher errors near the poles and in the ITCZ, particularly in the equatorial western coasts of Central America and Africa. However, MERRA-2 showed substantially lower wind errors in the poles when compared with the other reanalyses.

ACS Style

David Carvalho. An Assessment of NASA’s GMAO MERRA-2 Reanalysis Surface Winds. Journal of Climate 2019, 32, 8261 -8281.

AMA Style

David Carvalho. An Assessment of NASA’s GMAO MERRA-2 Reanalysis Surface Winds. Journal of Climate. 2019; 32 (23):8261-8281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Carvalho. 2019. "An Assessment of NASA’s GMAO MERRA-2 Reanalysis Surface Winds." Journal of Climate 32, no. 23: 8261-8281.

Review article
Published: 15 April 2019 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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In those countries where wind plays a major role in the energy mix (EU, China and USA) actions have been carried out to develop offshore wind energy, albeit to varying degrees. These actions range from studying offshore wind to the development of laws and planning related to the construction of wind farms. Europe currently leads the way in offshore wind energy (with 84% of global installations), having achieved technical and commercial maturity, including the first floating wind farm to generate electricity, together with an emerging zero-subsidy culture. The Chinese wind industry has seen rapid development since 2005, however, well established laws, the use of a one-stop-shop system in the licencing process, and the establishment of higher feed-in tariffs (FITs), could all boost the Chinese offshore wind industry further. The possible future role of the USA in the offshore wind industry is now in the hands of its decision makers. A more streamlined licencing process, together with a long-term vision enshrined within stable economic incentives, could help to boost the offshore wind industry in the USA.

ACS Style

M. Decastro; Santiago Salvador; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Xurxo Costoya; David Carvalho; F.J. Sanz-Larruga; L. Gimeno. Europe, China and the United States: Three different approaches to the development of offshore wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019, 109, 55 -70.

AMA Style

M. Decastro, Santiago Salvador, M. Gómez-Gesteira, Xurxo Costoya, David Carvalho, F.J. Sanz-Larruga, L. Gimeno. Europe, China and the United States: Three different approaches to the development of offshore wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 109 ():55-70.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Decastro; Santiago Salvador; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Xurxo Costoya; David Carvalho; F.J. Sanz-Larruga; L. Gimeno. 2019. "Europe, China and the United States: Three different approaches to the development of offshore wind energy." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 109, no. : 55-70.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Applied Energy
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The accuracy of CORDEX regional models to reproduce wind speed was assessed at 15 wind farms (216 wind turbines) and 13 oceanic buoys covering the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding ocean during 2012. Models were able to reproduce with relative accuracy both the mean wind speed, with a mean error of 19% inland and 10% offshore, and the wind distribution, with an overlap percentage between distributions of 82 ± 5% inland and 83 ± 3% offshore. In addition, CORDEX regional models showed a skill higher than CMIP5 general models. Wind speed and wind power were projected over the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and the surrounding ocean for three future periods: near future (2019–2045), midterm (2046–2072) and far future (2073–2099) both at annual and seasonal scales. Both wind speed and wind power will decrease over most of the area with the exception of some regions as: Galicia; the Atlantic coast of Galicia and north of Portugal; the Ebro Valley; the upper Douro Valley; the Guadalquivir Valley; the Strait of Gibraltar and Cape Gata where both will tend to increase. This increase is projected to occur mostly during summer except at the Strait of Gibraltar where it will occur all year long. The change in wind speed and power is higher as farthest the future period is.

ACS Style

F. Santos; M. Gómez-Gesteira; M. Decastro; J.A. Añel; David Carvalho; Xurxo Costoya; João Miguel Dias. On the accuracy of CORDEX RCMs to project future winds over the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding ocean. Applied Energy 2018, 228, 289 -300.

AMA Style

F. Santos, M. Gómez-Gesteira, M. Decastro, J.A. Añel, David Carvalho, Xurxo Costoya, João Miguel Dias. On the accuracy of CORDEX RCMs to project future winds over the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding ocean. Applied Energy. 2018; 228 ():289-300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Santos; M. Gómez-Gesteira; M. Decastro; J.A. Añel; David Carvalho; Xurxo Costoya; João Miguel Dias. 2018. "On the accuracy of CORDEX RCMs to project future winds over the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding ocean." Applied Energy 228, no. : 289-300.

Review
Published: 15 July 2018 in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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Long‐term sustainable development of European offshore wind energy requires knowledge of the best places for installing offshore wind farms. To achieve this, a good knowledge of wind resources is needed, as well as knowledge of international, European, and national regulations regarding conflict management, marine environment conservation, biodiversity protection, licensing processes, and support regimes. Such a multidisciplinary approach could help to identify areas where wind resources are abundant and where conflicts with other interests are scarce, support measures are greater, and licensing processes are streamlined. An overview of offshore wind power studies at present, and of their future projections for the 21st century, allows for determining the optimal European locations to install or maintain offshore wind farms. Only northern Europe, the northwest portion of the Iberian Peninsula, the Gulf of Lyon, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the northwest coast of Turkey show no change or increase in wind power, revealing these locations as the most suitable for installing and maintaining offshore wind farms in the future. The installation of wind farms is subject to restrictions established under international law, European law, and the domestic legal framework of each EU member state. Europe is moving toward streamlining of licensing procedures, reducing subsidies, and implementing auction systems.

ACS Style

Maite Decastro; Xurxo Costoya; Santiago Salvador; David Carvalho; Moncho Gómez-Gesteira; Francisco Javier Sanz-Larruga; Luis Gimeno. An overview of offshore wind energy resources in Europe under present and future climate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2018, 1436, 70 -97.

AMA Style

Maite Decastro, Xurxo Costoya, Santiago Salvador, David Carvalho, Moncho Gómez-Gesteira, Francisco Javier Sanz-Larruga, Luis Gimeno. An overview of offshore wind energy resources in Europe under present and future climate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2018; 1436 (1):70-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maite Decastro; Xurxo Costoya; Santiago Salvador; David Carvalho; Moncho Gómez-Gesteira; Francisco Javier Sanz-Larruga; Luis Gimeno. 2018. "An overview of offshore wind energy resources in Europe under present and future climate." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1436, no. 1: 70-97.

Conference paper
Published: 15 September 2017 in Proceedings of NetSci-X 2020: Sixth International Winter School and Conference on Network Science
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Considering different resilience measures such as the increase of urban green areas and the application of white roofs, a set of resilience scenarios were evaluated with a cascade of numerical models (MPI-ESM-LR/WRF/CAMx) using as case study a future heat wave occurring in Porto (Portugal) urban area. Meteorological forcing and boundary data was derived from the CMIP5 earth system model MPI-ESM (Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 8.5) downscaled to Porto urban area. The influence of different resilience scenarios on the air quality was quantified and compared for the different scenarios. The results show that all tested measures lead to an increased resilience to CC impacts, promoting the reduction of ozone concentrations. The application of green roofs was the measure that shows more benefits to air quality.

ACS Style

E. Sá; A. Monteiro; A. P. Fernandes; J. Valente; D. Carvalho; Joana Ferreira; S. Freitas; S. Rafael; H. Martins; A. I. Miranda; C. Borrego. Modelling Resilient Measures to Climate Change Impacts on Urban Air Quality. Proceedings of NetSci-X 2020: Sixth International Winter School and Conference on Network Science 2017, 177 -182.

AMA Style

E. Sá, A. Monteiro, A. P. Fernandes, J. Valente, D. Carvalho, Joana Ferreira, S. Freitas, S. Rafael, H. Martins, A. I. Miranda, C. Borrego. Modelling Resilient Measures to Climate Change Impacts on Urban Air Quality. Proceedings of NetSci-X 2020: Sixth International Winter School and Conference on Network Science. 2017; ():177-182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Sá; A. Monteiro; A. P. Fernandes; J. Valente; D. Carvalho; Joana Ferreira; S. Freitas; S. Rafael; H. Martins; A. I. Miranda; C. Borrego. 2017. "Modelling Resilient Measures to Climate Change Impacts on Urban Air Quality." Proceedings of NetSci-X 2020: Sixth International Winter School and Conference on Network Science , no. : 177-182.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Renewable Energy
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ACS Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. Offshore winds and wind energy production estimates derived from ASCAT, OSCAT, numerical weather prediction models and buoys – A comparative study for the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coast. Renewable Energy 2017, 102, 433 -444.

AMA Style

D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gómez-Gesteira, Carlos Silva Santos. Offshore winds and wind energy production estimates derived from ASCAT, OSCAT, numerical weather prediction models and buoys – A comparative study for the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coast. Renewable Energy. 2017; 102 ():433-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. 2017. "Offshore winds and wind energy production estimates derived from ASCAT, OSCAT, numerical weather prediction models and buoys – A comparative study for the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coast." Renewable Energy 102, no. : 433-444.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Renewable Energy
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ACS Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; C. Silva Santos. Potential impacts of climate change on European wind energy resource under the CMIP5 future climate projections. Renewable Energy 2017, 101, 29 -40.

AMA Style

D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gómez-Gesteira, C. Silva Santos. Potential impacts of climate change on European wind energy resource under the CMIP5 future climate projections. Renewable Energy. 2017; 101 ():29-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; C. Silva Santos. 2017. "Potential impacts of climate change on European wind energy resource under the CMIP5 future climate projections." Renewable Energy 101, no. : 29-40.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Urban Climate
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ACS Style

David Carvalho; Helena Martins; Martnho Marta-Almeida; Alfredo Rocha; C. Borrego. Urban resilience to future urban heat waves under a climate change scenario: A case study for Porto urban area (Portugal). Urban Climate 2017, 19, 1 -27.

AMA Style

David Carvalho, Helena Martins, Martnho Marta-Almeida, Alfredo Rocha, C. Borrego. Urban resilience to future urban heat waves under a climate change scenario: A case study for Porto urban area (Portugal). Urban Climate. 2017; 19 ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Carvalho; Helena Martins; Martnho Marta-Almeida; Alfredo Rocha; C. Borrego. 2017. "Urban resilience to future urban heat waves under a climate change scenario: A case study for Porto urban area (Portugal)." Urban Climate 19, no. : 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Different urban resilience measures, such as the increase of urban green areas and the application of white roofs, were evaluated with the WRF-SUEWS modelling system. The case study consists of five heat waves occurring in Porto (Portugal) urban area in a future climate scenario. Meteorological forcing and boundary data were downscaled for Porto urban area from the CMIP5 earth system model MPI-ESM, for the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5 scenario. The influence of different resilience measures on the energy balance components was quantified and compared between each other. Results show that the inclusion of green urban areas increases the evaporation and the availability of surface moisture, redirecting the energy to the form of latent heat flux (maximum increase of +200Wm(-2)) rather than to sensible heat. The application of white roofs increases the solar radiation reflection, due to the higher albedo of such surfaces, reducing both sensible and storage heat flux (maximum reductions of -62.8 and -35Wm(-2), respectively). The conjugations of the individual benefits related to each resilience measure shows that this measure is the most effective one in terms of improving the thermal comfort of the urban population, particularly due to the reduction of both sensible and storage heat flux. The obtained results contribute to the knowledge of the surface-atmosphere exchanges and can be of great importance for stakeholders and decision-makers.

ACS Style

S. Rafael; H. Martins; E. Sá; D. Carvalho; C. Borrego; M. Lopes. Influence of urban resilience measures in the magnitude and behaviour of energy fluxes in the city of Porto (Portugal) under a climate change scenario. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 566-567, 1500 -1510.

AMA Style

S. Rafael, H. Martins, E. Sá, D. Carvalho, C. Borrego, M. Lopes. Influence of urban resilience measures in the magnitude and behaviour of energy fluxes in the city of Porto (Portugal) under a climate change scenario. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 566-567 ():1500-1510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Rafael; H. Martins; E. Sá; D. Carvalho; C. Borrego; M. Lopes. 2016. "Influence of urban resilience measures in the magnitude and behaviour of energy fluxes in the city of Porto (Portugal) under a climate change scenario." Science of The Total Environment 566-567, no. : 1500-1510.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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This works intends to investigate the ozone episodes reported in three different monitoring sites distributed along the Central region of Portugal (from the coast to inland direction). Ozone data time series are first analysed according to the legislation thresholds fulfilment (information threshold and target value) and two episodes are selected according to the magnitude and simultaneously exceedances at the three sites. The episodes are then analysed in terms of meteorological data (surface and vertical profiles) obtained with the WRF model and also using backtrajectories obtained with the HYSPLIT model. The integration of both results, together with the ozone and NO2 precursor concentration time series, allowed to conclude about the different origin of ozone in the two episodes. A sea breeze circulation is present in the first episode, inducing the transport of this pollutant and its precursors from the coast to inland (about 30 km), which is verified by the wind patterns and vertical profiles and by the daily profile of O3 measured at the three sites. The second episode studied does not show so clearly this influence.

ACS Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Marta Cândido; Isabel Ribeiro; David Carvalho; Myriam Lopes. Investigating ozone high levels and the role of sea breeze on its transport. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2016, 7, 339 -347.

AMA Style

Alexandra Monteiro, Carla Gama, Marta Cândido, Isabel Ribeiro, David Carvalho, Myriam Lopes. Investigating ozone high levels and the role of sea breeze on its transport. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2016; 7 (2):339-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Marta Cândido; Isabel Ribeiro; David Carvalho; Myriam Lopes. 2016. "Investigating ozone high levels and the role of sea breeze on its transport." Atmospheric Pollution Research 7, no. 2: 339-347.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Applied Energy
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This work aims to assess the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model wind simulation and wind energy production estimates sensitivity to different planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes. Five WRF simulations considering different sets of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and surface layer (SL) parameterization schemes were performed, and their results compared to measured wind data collected at five offshore buoys and thirteen onshore wind measuring stations located in the Iberian Peninsula. The objective is to determine which of these model configurations produces wind simulations and wind energy productions estimates closest to measured wind data and wind energy production estimates derived from measurements, aiming to provide guidelines for onshore and offshore wind energy assessment studies focused on areas where measured wind data is not available and numerical modelling is necessary. This work focuses on the Iberian Peninsula, an area with intensive wind energy penetration due to its favourable wind conditions, which combined with its large coastline makes this area a promising one for the future installation of offshore wind farms.The results presented in this work show that, although no major differences are seen among the simulations in terms of wind speed and direction simulation accuracy, in terms of wind energy production estimates the differences are not negligible due to the high sensitivity of the wind energy production to the wind simulation accuracy. The PBL-SL parameterization set composed by the schemes ACM2-PX is the one with the lowest errors when compared to observed wind data, when considering all onshore and offshore sites together. The ACM2 PBL scheme combines features of local and non-local closure schemes and the PX LSM scheme provides a better parameterization of the surface meteorology, which proved to be important in the model performance. However, for offshore sites the PBL-SL parameterizations QNSE-QNSE produced the best wind energy production estimates.Due to the close dependence of each PBL and SL scheme performance on the surrounding synoptic conditions and atmospheric stability, it is expected that for different geographical areas and/or temporal periods these schemes may show different results. However, the fact that this study includes one complete year of simulation for a considerably wide geographical area, including the different synoptic conditions that typically occur in a annual cycle, provides a solid base of confidence that the conclusions drawn from this work may be applied to other periods and/or geographical areas

ACS Style

David Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. Sensitivity of the WRF model wind simulation and wind energy production estimates to planetary boundary layer parameterizations for onshore and offshore areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Applied Energy 2014, 135, 234 -246.

AMA Style

David Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gómez-Gesteira, Carlos Silva Santos. Sensitivity of the WRF model wind simulation and wind energy production estimates to planetary boundary layer parameterizations for onshore and offshore areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Applied Energy. 2014; 135 ():234-246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Carvalho; A. Rocha; M. Gómez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. 2014. "Sensitivity of the WRF model wind simulation and wind energy production estimates to planetary boundary layer parameterizations for onshore and offshore areas in the Iberian Peninsula." Applied Energy 135, no. : 234-246.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Applied Energy
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Due to the increasing interest in the prospection of potential sites for the installation of offshore wind farms, it becomes important to extend the tests presented on Carvalho et al. (2014) to offshore areas. For that, the WRF model was used to conduct ocean surface wind simulations forced by different initial and boundary conditions (NCEP-R2, ERA-Interim, NCEP-CFSR, NASA-MERRA, NCEP-FNL and NCEP-GFS) aiming to assess which one of these datasets provides the most accurate ocean surface wind simulation and offshore wind energy estimates. Six near surface wind simulations were performed, each one of them forced by a different initial and boundary dataset. Results were evaluated using data collected at five buoys that measure the wind in the Iberian Peninsula region (Galician coast and Gulf of Cádiz).The results show that the simulation driven with ERA-Interim reanalysis provided the lowest errors in terms of offshore wind temporal variability. NCEP-R2 driven simulation showed the lowest offshore wind speed bias, mean wind speed and offshore wind energy production estimates. However, it was the one with the highest errors related to the wind temporal variability. The simulations driven with the NCEP-FNL and NCEP-GFS analyses products also showed interesting results, better than the NCEP-CFSR and NASA-MERRA reanalyses.Based on the results presented in this work and in Carvalho et al. (2014), ERA-Interim reanalysis likely provide the most accurate initial and boundary data to force near-surface wind simulations for the offshore and onshore areas. However, for offshore sites the NCEP-R2 reanalysis seem to provide the most accurate estimation of the potential wind energy production, fact that is of great importance for the wind energy industry. Furthermore, the NCEP-GFS and NCEP-FNL analyses can be considered as valid alternatives to ERA-Interim and NCEP-R2, in particular for cases where reliable forcing data is needed for real-time applications due to their fast availability

ACS Style

David Carvalho; Alfredo Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. Offshore wind energy resource simulation forced by different reanalyses: Comparison with observed data in the Iberian Peninsula. Applied Energy 2014, 134, 57 -64.

AMA Style

David Carvalho, Alfredo Rocha, Moncho Gomez-Gesteira, Carlos Silva Santos. Offshore wind energy resource simulation forced by different reanalyses: Comparison with observed data in the Iberian Peninsula. Applied Energy. 2014; 134 ():57-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Carvalho; Alfredo Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. 2014. "Offshore wind energy resource simulation forced by different reanalyses: Comparison with observed data in the Iberian Peninsula." Applied Energy 134, no. : 57-64.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2014 in Remote Sensing of Environment
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Offshore wind data derived from satellite measurements (CCMP, QuikSCAT, NCDC Blended Sea Winds and IFREMER Blended Wind Fields), reanalyses (NCEP-CFSR, ERA-Interim, NASA-MERRA and NCEP-RII), analyses (NCEP-FNL and NCEP-GFS) and WRF modelled offshore winds were compared to in situ measurements, in order to assess which one of these products is the best alternative to in situ offshore measured wind data. Wind speed and direction from these products were compared to measurements collected at five buoys moored along the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coast.Results show that WRF modelled offshore winds are the best alternative to in situ measured offshore wind data, showing the highest temporal accuracy (the ability in representing the wind speed and direction at a given time instant) and lowest errors in terms of offshore wind power flux estimations. However, offshore wind data taken from CCMP shows the lowest errors in terms of the mean wind speeds and, together with IFREMER-BWF, the best wind temporal accuracy after WRF simulation. Therefore, in general CCMP and IFREMER-BWF can be considered as the best alternatives to WRF high resolution modelled offshore winds, if the latter is not available. Specifically for offshore wind energy resource assessment, NCEP-CFSR reanalysis or NCEP-GFS analysis data can also be used with confidence as an alternative to WRF modelled data, showing better wind power flux estimates than CCMP and IFREMER-BWF.Despite the best performances of WRF high resolution offshore winds, such modelling tasks require considerable computational resources and time to obtain quality results. Therefore, the value of satellite-derived wind data should not be disregarded. These remotely sensed offshore wind measurements should be seriously considered when searching for alternative sources of wind information for ocean areas, in particular for open ocean areas where they have their strength. © 2014 Elsevier Inc

ACS Style

David Carvalho; A. Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. Comparison of reanalyzed, analyzed, satellite-retrieved and NWP modelled winds with buoy data along the Iberian Peninsula coast. Remote Sensing of Environment 2014, 152, 480 -492.

AMA Style

David Carvalho, A. Rocha, Moncho Gomez-Gesteira, Carlos Silva Santos. Comparison of reanalyzed, analyzed, satellite-retrieved and NWP modelled winds with buoy data along the Iberian Peninsula coast. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2014; 152 ():480-492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Carvalho; A. Rocha; Moncho Gomez-Gesteira; Carlos Silva Santos. 2014. "Comparison of reanalyzed, analyzed, satellite-retrieved and NWP modelled winds with buoy data along the Iberian Peninsula coast." Remote Sensing of Environment 152, no. : 480-492.