The production of various biochemical compounds such as proteins, glucans and glucanases, from the mycelium of four strains of Basidiomycetes species, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus subrufescens, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, during batch culture in shaking flasks, was studied. Fungi were cultured for 26 days in defined media with glucose as carbon source and were primarily evaluated for their ability to consume glucose and produce mycelial mass and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS). Results showed that on the 26th day of cultivation, P. ostreatus produced the maximum biomass (16.75 g/L), whereas P. eryngii showed the maximum IPS concentration (3.82 g/L). All strains presented a similar pattern in total protein production, with A. bisporus having the highest percentage of total proteins (36%, w/w). The calculated correlation coefficients among ribonucleic acid (RNA) vs. biomass (0.97) and RNA vs. protein (0.97) indicated a very strong relation between RNA and biomass/protein synthesis. The studied strains exhibited an increase in total glucan and glucanase (β-1,6) production during cultivation, with A. bisporus reaching the highest glucan percentage (8%, w/w) and glucanase activity (12.7 units/g biomass). Subsequently, processed analytical data were used in contour-graph analysis for data extrapolation to optimize future continuous culture.

Edible wild ascomycetes Morchella rotunda, M. vulgaris and M. conica were cultivated in liquid static and agitated flasks of sucrose and molasses substrates with a C/N ratio of 20 and 25. The impact of four substrates on the production and quality characteristics of morels was examined. Evaluation included determination of the dry mycelial mass, intra-cellular (IPS) and extra-cellular (EPS) polysaccharides, total phenolic (TPC) and antioxidant (TAC) components, proteins, as well as the degree of phenolic content reduction and decolorization of molasses. The influence of agitation conditions was also evaluated. Results showed that substrate consumption, biomass formation and secondary metabolites production were substrate, species, and C/N ratio dependent. Among species, M. conica achieved the maximum biomass (18.16 g/L) and IPS (4.8 g/L) production and significant phenolic reduction (56.6%) and decolorization (26.7%). The maximum EPS (3.94 g/L) was noted by M. rotunda, whereas TPC (32.2 mg/g), TAC (6.0 mg/g) and cellular protein (7.6% w/w) were produced in sufficient amounts. These results strongly support the use of Morchella mushrooms as a biological detoxification agent of molasses in liquid fermentations and indicate their nutritional and medicinal value.

A redefinition of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is presented by means of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence. Grounded on existing information, an AI framework for GMO definition and detection is proposed with quantifiable information entropy parameters, similarity metrics to feed deep learning AI systems. The proposed AI framework aims to offer a data reform paradigm to upgrade GMO definition for versatile safety assessments of current and emerging artificial organisms. It is envisioned to include recent biotechnological advances such as CRISPR editing, epigenetic modifications, and even mRNA technologies. As global GMO applications continue to expand and molecular genetic technologies evolve rapidly, updated definitions and regulatory policies upgraded in AI environments are urgently required.