The pattern and prognostic factors of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy have not yet been adequately studied. Data are derived from a large and well defined population of patients studied to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of granisetron, dexamethasone and their combination in the control of acute emesis over repeated cycles of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Patients were monitored on days 2–5 without receiving any prophylactic treatment for delayed emesis. There were 395 evaluable patients at the first, 352 at the second and 319 at the third cycle of chemotherapy. Overall, 32.7% patients suffered symptoms of delayed vomiting and/or moderate-severe nausea at the first, 32.1% at the second and 35.1% at the third cycle of chemotherapy. More precisely, the incidence of delayed vomiting was 21.3% at the first, 18.5% at the second and 21.0% at the third cycle of chemotherapy, while the incidence of delayed moderate-severe nausea was 25.1%, 25.0% and 26.0%, respectively. The incidence of delayed vomiting and moderate-severe nausea was very low in patients who obtained good control of acute vomiting and moderate-severe nausea, but it remained substantial in patients who experienced them during the first 24 hours after chemotherapy. In fact, at first/second/third cycle of chemotherapy delayed vomiting occurred in 12.3%/11.8%/ 13.1% of patients who did not suffer from acute vomiting and in 54.1%/48.4%/55.9% of those who had acute vomiting, respectively. Similar data were obtained for delayed moderate-severe nausea. Patients without acute vomiting or moderate-severe acute nausea may not need any antiemetic prophylaxis for delayed vomiting or nausea, while those with a history of acute vomiting or moderate-severe acute nausea should always be treated for delayed emesis. Selection bias and dependence effect of delayed emesis on acute emesis can cause misinterpretation of data derived from clinical trials in patients submitted to multiple cycles of chemotherapy.

Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts (LCC) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder showing a pediatric or adult onset. First described in 1996 by Labrune and colleagues, it was only in 2016 that bi-allelic variants in a non-protein coding gene, SNORD118, were found as the cause for LCC, differentiating this syndrome from coats plus (CP). SNORD118 transcribes for a small nucleolar RNA, which is necessary for correct ribosome biogenesis, hence the classification of LCC among ribosomopathies. The syndrome is characterized by a combination of white matter hyperintensities, calcifications, and cysts on brain MRI with varying neurological signs. Corticosteroids, surgery, and recently bevacizumab, have been tried with unclear results since the natural history of the disease remains elusive. To date, 67 patients with a pediatric onset of disease have been described in the literature, with a clinical-radiological follow-up carried out in only eleven of them. We described the clinical-radiological follow-up from birth to almost five years of age of a late-preterm patient diagnosed with LCC and carried out a thorough overview of pediatric patients described in the literature. It is important to gather serial clinical–radiological data from other patients to depict the natural history of this disease, aiming to deeply depict genotype-phenotype correlations and make the role of new therapeutics clearer.

Aim: To validate the Visual Impairment Developmental Autonomy (VIDA) scale, a questionnaire to assess the autonomy level of children with visual impairment. Method: The primary outcome measures included internal consistency, convergent validity, cross‐informant concordance, and descriptive statistics of autonomy profiles across three age groups (age 3–5 years; age 6–10 years; age 11–18 years). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Convergent validity was evaluated against established measures such as the TNO‐AZL Children's Quality of Life questionnaire (TACQOL) and the TNO‐AZL Preschool Children's Quality of Life questionnaire (TAPQOL) using bivariate Pearson's correlation indexes. Results: Internal consistency coefficients ranged between 0.708 and 0.938 across all subscales and age versions of the instrument. The VIDA subscales showed consistent correlations with comparable dimensions of the TACQOL/TAPQOL (correlations index >0.3). The cross‐informant concordance was significant with weak‐to‐moderate effect sizes. Descriptive statistics showed different profiles of autonomy in the three age groups: clothing and orientation/mobility emerged as areas of vulnerability for adolescents. Visual acuity was significantly correlated with many VIDA scale scores, whereas no significant associations emerged with the quality of life. Interpretation: The VIDA scale is effective and reliable in providing both insights on the actual needs of children and quantitative measures of the visual impairment impact on everyday life. Autonomy level affects quality of life, whereas visual impairment does not.

Background: Eye-tracking (ET) devices are gaining attention in technology-based paediatric rehabilitation through their intrinsic ability to assess patients’ engagement and visual attention within motivating, technology-based environments. We conducted a systematic review of available evidence from 2004 to 2025 on the implementation of ET in rehabilitative trainings targeting paediatric populations with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. This paper aims to outline the rehabilitative outcomes pursued in the clinical populations considered. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were consulted to summarise the state of the art of the last 20 years. Selected articles were categorised according to the type of treated disorder and the rehabilitated function. Results: ET devices have been increasingly integrated into paediatric rehabilitation with promising results across multiple neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., ASD, ADHD, cerebral palsy). These systems have proven effective not only in training gaze control, but also in enhancing executive functions, social cognition, communication, and participation. Furthermore, they promote personalised and data-driven solutions and support high levels of engagement, feasibility, and user satisfaction. Conclusions: ET represents a promising frontier for paediatric rehabilitation, addressing various neurodevelopmental disorders. The gaze-contingent protocols employed have demonstrated potential effects in promoting adaptive behaviour across multiple developmental areas. Further research is warranted to provide shared guidance and to strengthen practice recommendations.

Attentional resources are crucial in determining whether and how a specific stimulus is selected for further processing from a multitude of concurrent inputs. Within this framework, multisensory integration enhances the salience of environmental stimuli amplifying perceptual responses to events. According to the race model, competition among sensory modalities in multisensory stimulation resembles a race; thus, when bimodal or trimodal stimulation elicits faster responses compared to unimodal stimulation, the model's prediction is violated. The present study aimed to validate a technological device capable of delivering unimodal, bimodal and trimodal stimulation, and to investigate perceptual processes and attentional dynamics by applying the race model to multisensory data, utilizing a previous multisensory attentional paradigm. Our findings provide compelling evidence of facilitatory attentional capture by multisensory events, as reflected in faster detection times compared to unisensory stimuli. Notably, this advantage is most pronounced in the initial segment of the cumulative distribution function, where responses are less influenced by higher cognitive mechanisms. Additionally, manipulation of perceptual load created an interfering effect in preliminary analyses, not found within the race model. The Tech-PAD proves to be a valuable tool for replicating and expanding research paradigms. The results reinforce previous findings and extend the multisensory advantage to the trimodal condition, including the tactile modality. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of attentional control mechanisms in multisensory environments, particularly in the early stages of sensory perception. The findings are interpreted in relation to attentional mechanisms and cognitively efficient strategies, offering new insights into the optimization of sensory processing.