Background: Some studies assessed the effect of aerobic exercise on diabetic obese patients with hepatic disease, while very limited studies compared high-intensity interval (HII) versus moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) on diabetic obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: This study was designed to assess the effects of HII versus MIC on intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTG) and visceral lipids in diabetic obese patients with NAFLD. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Forty-seven diabetic obese individuals with NAFLD were enrolled in this study. The individuals were randomly divided into 16 in HII group, 15 in MIC group, and 16 in the controls. HII group received HII exercise, MIC group received 8-week MIC exercise while the control group did not receive any exercise intervention. IHTG and visceral lipids were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: Baseline and clinical characteristics showed nonsignificant difference among the 3 groups (P > .05). Both HII and MIC groups showed a significant reduction in hepatic fat and visceral lipids (P < .05), while the controls showed nonsignificant difference (P > .05) after completing the study intervention. Postintervention analysis showed nonsignificant changes between the HII and MIC groups (P > .05). Conclusions: Exercise training wither HII or MIC aerobic exercise reduces IHGT and visceral lipids in diabetic obese patients with NAFLD. No differences were observed between the effects of both exercise programs on diabetic obese patients with NAFLD.

Objectives. Chronic nonspecific low back pain (chronic nsLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders leading to disabilities and physical inactivity. Laser therapy was used in chronic nsLBP treatment; however, no previous studies have assessed the impacts of high‐intensity laser therapy (HILT) versus low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on chronic nsLBP. This study compared the effects of HILT versus LLLT on individuals suffering from chronic nsLBP. Methods. The study was a randomized control trial. Sixty individuals with chronic nsLBP were enrolled in this study between May and November 2019. All participants were clinically diagnosed with chronic nsLBP. They were assigned randomly into three groups, 20 in each group. The first group received a program of LLLT, the second group received a program of HILT, and the third did not receive laser therapy (control group). Pain severity, disability, lumbar mobility, and quality of life were assessed before and after 12‐week intervention. Results. Both LLLT and HILT groups showed a significant improvement of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), lumbar range of motion (ROM), and European Quality of Life (EuroQol) scores (p > 0.05), while the control group did not show significant changes (p > 0.05). Comparison among the three study groups postintervention showed significant differences in the outcome measures (p > 0.05), while comparison between the LLLT and HILT groups showed nonsignificant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion. There are no different influences of LLLT versus HILT on chronic nsLBP patients. Both LLLT and HILT reduce pain and disability and improve lumbar mobility and quality of life in chronic nsLBP patients.

Objective. Limited studies have assessed the effect of moderate‐intensity continuous aerobic exercise on hepatic fat content and visceral lipids in hepatic patients with diabesity. This study was designed to evaluate hepatic fat content and visceral lipids following moderate‐intensity continuous aerobic exercise in hepatic patients with diabesity. Design. A single‐blinded randomised controlled trial. Methods. Thirty‐one diabetic obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were recruited into this study. The patients were randomly classified into exercise and control groups, fifteen patients in the exercise group and sixteen patients in the control group. The exercise group received an 8‐week moderate‐intensity continuous aerobic exercise program with standard medical treatment, while the control group received standard medical treatment without any exercise program. Hepatic fat content and visceral lipids were assessed before and after intervention at the end of the study. Results. Baseline and clinical characteristics showed a nonsignificant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). At the end of the intervention, the aerobic exercise showed significant improvements (serum triglycerides and low‐density lipoproteins (LDLs), p ≤ 0.002, total cholesterol, p = 0.004, visceral fats, p = 0.016, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), p = 0.022, high‐density lipoproteins (HDLs), p = 0.038, alanine transaminases (AL), p = 0.044, intrahepatic triglyceride and HOMA‐IR, p = 0.046, and body mass index (BMI), p = 0.047), while the control group showed a nonsignificant difference (p > 0.05). The postintervention analysis showed significant differences in favor of the aerobic exercise group (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Moderate‐intensity continuous aerobic exercise reduces the hepatic fat content and visceral lipids in hepatic patients with diabesity. Recommendations should be prescribed for encouraging moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise training, particularly hepatic patients with diabesity.

Background: Heart failure related depression is recently increased worldwide. Heart failure (HF) disease is identified as a critical cause of increasing morbidity, hospital readmission, and mortality. The most important purpose of treatment of HF disease is to relief disease problems, improve functional performance, and achieve better quality of life. Objectives: This study was proposed to evaluate the effects of low to moderate-intensity exercise program vs moderate-intensity continuous exercise program on the level of depressive disorder in heart failure patients. Study design: 12-week randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty nine HF patients with mild to moderate level of depression and ejection fraction <40% were examined before and after 12-week intervention. Their age was ranged from 40 to 60 years. Patients were randomly classified into 3 groups. Group I (n = 23) received low to moderate intensity exercise program (LMIEP), group II (n = 23) received moderate-intensity exercise program (MICEP), and group III (n = 23) did not receive any exercise program (Non-exercised group). All patients were instructed to conduct home-based exercise with their pharmacological therapy. The level of depression was evaluated before and after 12 weeks of the intervention program. Results: The 3 study groups were associated with significant decrease of depression level (P < .05). Significant differences were exhibited between the 3 groups in favor to both exercise programs (P < .05) with non-significant differences between the 2 exercise programs (P > .05). Conclusions: Both exercise programs had positive effects in reducing the severity of depression in HF patients. Low to moderate and moderate-intensity exercise programs should be proposed for depression illness specially patients with heart failure.

Background/Objectives: Surgical treatment of breast cancer may lead to physical and psychological side effects. Exercises, especially those aided by virtual reality (VR), can improve both physical and psychological dysfunctions. To explore the effects of exercises using VR through Pablo games Technology on the function, grip strength, wrist ROM, fatigue, pain, activities of daily living (ADLs), and anxiety among post-operative breast cancer females. Methods: Forty post-operative breast cancer females participated in the current study: nineteen in the control group (CG), who received a standard treatment consisting of upper limb exercises plus intermittent compression therapy, and twenty-one participants assigned to the Pablo group (PG), who received the standard treatment plus additional training using the Pablo game training system. The intervention period was eight weeks long. The outcome measures were function, grip strength, wrist ROM, fatigue, pain, activities of daily living, and anxiety. Data were obtained at the baseline, after eight weeks, and at two months follow-up. Results: There were statistically significant declines in pain and fatigue, while there were statistically significant improvements in ADLs, grip strength, function, and ROM post-intervention and at two months follow-up in both groups (p < 0.001). Between-group comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in pain, anxiety, and fatigue and statistically significant improvements in function, ADLs, grip strength, and ROM in favor of the PG post-treatment and at the follow-up (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Adding VR using the Pablo game training system to the standard rehabilitation of post-surgical breast cancer patients can further improve their function, hand grip, wrist ROM, fatigue, pain, and ADLs.

Background: Prior research has revealed notable declines in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and substantial psychological impacts among individuals infected with COVID-19. However, there is a noticeable gap in studies addressing the enduring long-term effects of COVID-19 on HRQoL and psychological well-being. Objective: The current study investigated and compared short and long-term effects of COVID-19 on HRQoL and psychological outcomes among the Saudi population. Methods: The Arabic version of the SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess HRQoL while Anxiety and depression were evaluated by the Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A) and Depression Scales (HDRS). Participants (n=292) were categorized into three groups: the “never-been-infected” group (n=134), the “one-year infected group” (n=43), and the “more than one year infected” group (n=115). Descriptive statistics were presented using numerical values and frequencies. To compare the groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used. Results: Most SF-36 domains exhibited lower values while HAM-A and HDRS values were higher in individuals infected during last year compared to those who never infected. Social functioning subscale of the SF-36 showed a significant difference between the groups (F (2.289) = 6.094, p = 0.01) and the effect size was d = 0.95. Pairwise comparison showed a significant reduction in the social functioning component of SF-36 in “one-year group” compared to both groups “never-been-infected” group (mean difference − 13.58 (4.40– 22.76) p < 0.01) and “more than one year infected” group (mean difference − 10.80 (1.44– 20.16) p = 0.02). HAM-A and HDRS scores showed mild levels of anxiety (< 17 score) and depression (8 to 16 score) in all groups. Conclusion: The influence of COVID-19 on psychological well-being and HRQoL is significant regardless of whether individuals infected with the virus. Overall, the consistent presence of mild anxiety and depression across all groups highlights the need for a holistic approach to mental health. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we looked at how COVID-19 infection affected the quality of life and mental well-being of people in Saudi Arabia in both the short and long term. We used surveys to measure quality of life, anxiety, and depression among 292 participants, categorizing them based on whether they had never been infected, were infected within the last year, or were infected more than one year ago. The results showed that individuals who were infected in the last year had lower scores in various aspects of quality of life and higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to those who had never been infected. Although mild levels of anxiety and depression were found in all groups. The study suggests that there is an impact on mental health in individuals even one year post-infection compared to never infected individuals. This highlights the importance of ongoing mental health support for individuals who have experienced the virus. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to mental health care that considers both those who have been infected and those who have not.