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Dr. Stefanos Dailianis serves as Associate Professor in the Department of Biology of the University of Patras. His educational activity includes under- and post-graduate teaching and laboratory courses. His research interest includes the investigation of the adverse effects of human-derived substances on aquatic biota, using (eco)toxicological methodologies and tests (Aquatic Toxicology). His research activity includes more than 53 scientific articles published in peer review international journals, a monograph/book chapter, and more than 100 presentations (oral and poster) in National and International Conferences and Meetings. He has supervised 14 postgraduate, 2 PhD and more than 35 undergraduate students from 2009 till now. He has participated as co-investigator/principal investigator/scientific officer in 7 research projects (national and European) and he is a member of national and international Associations and Societies (Hellenic Society for Biological Sciences, Pan-Hellenic Association of Bioscientists/PEV, Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety/SECOTOX. Hellenic Water Association, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry/SETAC). He is an active member of the Editorial boards of the Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, the Scientific World Journal, the Journal of Modern Applied Sciences, while he has reviewed more than 270 articles submitted to peer review scientific journals.
Considering that electronic wastes (e-wastes) have been recently recognized as a potent environmental and human threat, the present study aimed to assess the potential risk of personal computer motherboards (PCMBs) leaching into aquatic media, following a real-life scenario. Specifically, PCMBs were submerged for 30 days in both distilled water (DW) and artificial seawater (ASW). Afterwards, PCMBs leachates were chemically characterized (i.e., total organic carbon, ions, and trace elements) and finally used (a) for culturing freshwater (Chlorococcum sp. and Scenedesmus rubescens) and saltwater (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tisochrysis lutea) microalgae for 10 days (240 h), (b) as the exposure medium for mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (96 h exposure), and (c) for performing the Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocytes cultures. According to the results, PCMBs could mediate both fresh- and marine algae growth rates over time, thus enhancing the cytotoxic, oxidative, and genotoxic effects in the hemocytes of mussels (in terms of lysosomal membrane impairment, lipid peroxidation, and NO content and micronuclei formation, respectively), as well as human lymphocytes (in terms of MN formation and CBPI values, respectively). The current findings clearly revealed that PCMBs leaching into the aquatic media could pose detrimental effects on both aquatic organisms and human cells.
Georgios Kalamaras; Maria Kloukinioti; Maria Antonopoulou; Ioanna Ntaikou; Dimitris Vlastos; Antonios Eleftherianos; Stefanos Dailianis. The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards. Toxics 2021, 9, 166 .
AMA StyleGeorgios Kalamaras, Maria Kloukinioti, Maria Antonopoulou, Ioanna Ntaikou, Dimitris Vlastos, Antonios Eleftherianos, Stefanos Dailianis. The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards. Toxics. 2021; 9 (7):166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgios Kalamaras; Maria Kloukinioti; Maria Antonopoulou; Ioanna Ntaikou; Dimitris Vlastos; Antonios Eleftherianos; Stefanos Dailianis. 2021. "The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards." Toxics 9, no. 7: 166.
Considering that the extensive biomedical, pharmaceutics, cosmetic and other industrial applications of biomaterials (BMs) is of great concern nowadays, regarding their environmental risk, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of four BMs, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu), chitosan (CS) and modified chitosan (succinic acid grafted chitosan) (CS-Suc) in the form of microplastics (particle sizes less than 1 mm) on biochemical parameters of snails Cornu aspersum hemocytes. Due to the absence of knowledge about the environmentally relevant concentrations of BMs, snails were initially treated through their food with a wide range of nominal concentrations of each BM to define the half maximal effective concentration (NRRT50), according to the destabilization degree of hemocytes’ lysosomal membranes (by mean of neutral red retention time/NRRT assay). Thereafter, snails were treated with each BM, at concentrations lower than the estimated NRRT50 values in all cases, for periods up to 15 days. After the end of the exposure period, a battery of stress indices were measured in hemocytes of challenged snails. According to the results, all parameters tested in BMs-treated snails statistically differed from those measured in BMs-free snails, thus indicating the pro-oxidant potential of BMs, as well as their ability to affect animals’ physiology. The most considerable effect in most cases seems to be caused by modified chitosan and PCL, while chitosan appears to be the least toxic. A common response mechanism of snails’ blood cells against the 4 BMs used in the present study was shown. After exposure to each of the studied BMs a significant augmentation in protein carbonyls, MDA equivalents and DNA damage, while a significant reduction in NRRT values was determined in the snails hemocytes, in relation to the unexposed animals. From the biochemical parameters examined, MDA equivalents and DNA damage seem to be more susceptible than the other parameters studied, to respond to BMs effect, with MDA to react with more sensitivity to PCL and CS, while DNA damage to CS-Suc and PBSu. Our results could suggest the simultaneous use of the latter biomarkers in biomonitoring studies of terrestrial ecosystems against the specific BMs.
Anna Pappa; Aliki Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou; Martha Kaloyianni; Georgia Kastrinaki; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitra A. Lambropoulou; Evi Christodoulou; George Z. Kyzas; Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. Insights into the toxicity of biomaterials microparticles with a combination of cellular and oxidative biomarkers. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 413, 125335 .
AMA StyleAnna Pappa, Aliki Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou, Martha Kaloyianni, Georgia Kastrinaki, Stefanos Dailianis, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Evi Christodoulou, George Z. Kyzas, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. Insights into the toxicity of biomaterials microparticles with a combination of cellular and oxidative biomarkers. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 413 ():125335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Pappa; Aliki Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou; Martha Kaloyianni; Georgia Kastrinaki; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitra A. Lambropoulou; Evi Christodoulou; George Z. Kyzas; Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. 2021. "Insights into the toxicity of biomaterials microparticles with a combination of cellular and oxidative biomarkers." Journal of Hazardous Materials 413, no. : 125335.
The present study investigates the potential cyto-genotoxic effects of model zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on human lymphocytes, with and/or without humic acids (HAs). Two types of HAs were studied, a natural well-characterized leonardite HA (LHA) and its synthetic-model, a humic-acid-like-polycondensate (HALP). The Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was applied in cell cultures treated with different concentrations of ZnO NPs (0.5, 5, 10, 20 μg mL−1) and under different concentrations of either HALP or LHA (ZnO NPs-HALP and ZnO NPs-LHA, at concentrations of 0.5–0.8, 5–8, 10–16, 20–32 and 0.5–2, 5–20, 10–40, 20–80 μg mL−1, respectively). According to the results, ZnO NPs lacked genotoxicity but demonstrated cytotoxic potential. Binary mixtures of ZnO NPs-HAs (ZnO NPs-HALP or ZnO NPs-LHA) showed negligible alterations of micronuclei (MN) formation in challenged cells, with cytotoxic effects revealed only in case of cells treated with ZnO NPs-LHA at the concentration 5–20 μg mL−1. Furthermore, no genotoxic phenomena were exerted neither by the ZnO NPs nor from their mixtures with HAs. These findings indicate [i] the cytotoxic activity of used ZnO NPs on human lymphocytes, and [ii] reveal the protective role of HAs against ZnO NPs mediated cytotoxicity.
Ioanna Efthimiou; Yiannis Georgiou; Dimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis; Yiannis Deligiannakis. Assessing the cyto-genotoxic potential of model zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of humic-acid-like-polycondensate (HALP) and the leonardite HA (LHA). Science of The Total Environment 2020, 721, 137625 .
AMA StyleIoanna Efthimiou, Yiannis Georgiou, Dimitris Vlastos, Stefanos Dailianis, Yiannis Deligiannakis. Assessing the cyto-genotoxic potential of model zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of humic-acid-like-polycondensate (HALP) and the leonardite HA (LHA). Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 721 ():137625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIoanna Efthimiou; Yiannis Georgiou; Dimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis; Yiannis Deligiannakis. 2020. "Assessing the cyto-genotoxic potential of model zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of humic-acid-like-polycondensate (HALP) and the leonardite HA (LHA)." Science of The Total Environment 721, no. : 137625.
This study investigated the role of the feeding regime on cellular (lysosomal membrane impairment), oxidative (superoxides and nitric oxides generation, as well as lipid peroxidation) and genotoxic (nuclear abnormalities) biomarkers measured in hemocytes of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with diclofenac (DCF). Specifically, unfed mussels, or mussels fed ad libitum with algal species Tisochrysis lutea or Tetraselmis suecica (Tiso/DCF- and Tetra/DCF- treated mussels, respectively) were exposed to DCF (20 μgL−1) for 4 days. The results showed that biomarkers' responsiveness against DCF, were more pronounced in unfed and Tetra/DCF-, rather than Tiso/DCF- treated mussel hemocytes, thus revealing food deprivation, changes in mussel feeding/filtration rate and digestion processes, as potent factors of mussels' immune efficiency and response against DCF. Those findings could provide valuable data for the optimization of mussels’ feeding regime during laboratory studies, in order to assess reliably the effects of emerging contaminants on non-target sentinel organisms, such as mussels.
Maria Kloukinioti; Alexandra Politi; Georgios Kalamaras; Stefanos Dailianis. Feeding regimes modulate biomarkers responsiveness in mussels treated with diclofenac. Marine Environmental Research 2020, 156, 104919 .
AMA StyleMaria Kloukinioti, Alexandra Politi, Georgios Kalamaras, Stefanos Dailianis. Feeding regimes modulate biomarkers responsiveness in mussels treated with diclofenac. Marine Environmental Research. 2020; 156 ():104919.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Kloukinioti; Alexandra Politi; Georgios Kalamaras; Stefanos Dailianis. 2020. "Feeding regimes modulate biomarkers responsiveness in mussels treated with diclofenac." Marine Environmental Research 156, no. : 104919.
The extent of phenolic compounds' biodegradation was assessed utilizing un-treated olive mill wastewater (OMWW) fed to a high-rate thermophilic (55 οC) anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor (UPBR) and digester effluents (DEs) collected in different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) under steady-state operating conditions. In parallel, the toxicity of each sample was evaluated by performing the microbiotest Thamnotoxkit F™. The outcomes indicate complete biodegradation of 6 phenolic compounds-vanillic acid (VA), caffeic acid (CA), syringic acid (SA), o-coumaric acid (o-CA), oleuropein (OLEU), 4-ethylphenol (4-EP)-and notable removals of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (TYR), reaching up to 94.87 ± 0.04% and 93.92 ± 0.33%, respectively. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DBA) were recognized as the most recalcitrant and persistent compounds in the anaerobic effluents, being capable of modulating the toxic potential of DEs.
C. Genethliou; M. Kornaros; S. Dailianis. Biodegradation of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds in a thermophilic anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor and assessment of their toxicity in digester effluents. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 255, 109882 .
AMA StyleC. Genethliou, M. Kornaros, S. Dailianis. Biodegradation of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds in a thermophilic anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor and assessment of their toxicity in digester effluents. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 255 ():109882.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Genethliou; M. Kornaros; S. Dailianis. 2020. "Biodegradation of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds in a thermophilic anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor and assessment of their toxicity in digester effluents." Journal of Environmental Management 255, no. : 109882.
In the present study we investigated seasonal and intrinsic variability of neurotoxic and cyto-genotoxic biomarkers in blood plasma and erythrocytes of free-living Eleonoras’ falcons, captured during the pre-breeding (May of 2017 and 2018) and breeding period (September of 2017) on the Antikythira Island (Greece). Specifically, blood samples of captured birds were prepared for the determination of cholinesterase (ChEs, i.e. acetylcholinesterase/AChE and butyrylcholinesterase/ BChE) activity, as well as the formation of nuclear (i.e. the formation of micronuclei into the cells/MN, binucleated cells/BN and others), and cellular/cytoplasmic (i.e. echinocytes/EC, acanthocytes/AC and notched cells/NC) abnormalities in blood plasma and erythrocytes, respectively. Our results indicated that birds sampled in late May had higher ChE and BChE activity levels, as well as higher frequency of total nuclear abnormalities. The latter were also higher in second calendar year (2cy) birds. Cellular/cytoplasmic abnormalities were less frequent in falcons having better body condition, sampled in late May, as well as in light-morph falcons. The observed ChEs activities, as well as nuclear and cellular/cytoplasmic abnormalities revealed that Eleonora’s falcons are likely to be exposed to chemical agents with neurotoxic and cyto-genotoxic potential year round, while different aspects of their biology and ecology, such as their reproductive and nutritional status, could mediate their levels. Although we encourage more sampling campaigns to verify the identified seasonal and intrinsic sources of variation in biomarkers tested, the current study enriches the existing knowledge about their usefulness in the environmental monitoring and risk assessment of migratory birds, like Eleonoras’ falcon.
Vasiliki Tsarpali; Christina Kassara; Christos Barboutis; Maria Papadimitraki; Maria Kloukinioti; Sinos Giokas; Stefanos Dailianis. Assessing the seasonal and intrinsic variability of neurotoxic and cyto-genotoxic biomarkers in blood of free-living Eleonoras’ falcons. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 711, 135101 .
AMA StyleVasiliki Tsarpali, Christina Kassara, Christos Barboutis, Maria Papadimitraki, Maria Kloukinioti, Sinos Giokas, Stefanos Dailianis. Assessing the seasonal and intrinsic variability of neurotoxic and cyto-genotoxic biomarkers in blood of free-living Eleonoras’ falcons. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 711 ():135101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasiliki Tsarpali; Christina Kassara; Christos Barboutis; Maria Papadimitraki; Maria Kloukinioti; Sinos Giokas; Stefanos Dailianis. 2019. "Assessing the seasonal and intrinsic variability of neurotoxic and cyto-genotoxic biomarkers in blood of free-living Eleonoras’ falcons." Science of The Total Environment 711, no. : 135101.
The effects of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced and further purified from Burkholderia thailandensis, on the unicellular microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated, in terms of RLs ability to affect algal growth, photosynthetic apparatus structure and energy flux, round and through photosystems II and I. Specifically, 24–48 h RLs-treated algae (RLs at concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 mg L−1) showed significantly decreased levels of growth rate, while increased levels of Chl a and b were obtained only in 72–96 h RLs-treated algae. Similarly, although no changes were obtained in the Chl a/b ratio and almost all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters over time, yields of electron transport (ϕR0, ϕE0) and respective performance index (PItotal) were negatively affected at 72 and 96 h. Based on those findings, it seems that the inhibitory effect of RLs on the algae growth rate after 24 and 48 h and the gradual attenuation of the phenomenon (after 72 h of exposure), may indicate the initial response of the organism, as well as algae ability to overcome, since RLs showed no effects on algae photosynthetic ability. Those findings reveal for the first time that RLs from Burkholderia thailandensis are not harmful for Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, further studies with the use of more aquatic species could be essential for assessing the RLs-mediated effects on aquatic biota.
Nikolina Charalampous; Giorgos Grammatikopoulos; Constantina Kourmentza; Michael Kornaros; Stefanos Dailianis. Effects of Burkholderia thailandensis rhamnolipids on the unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2019, 182, 109413 .
AMA StyleNikolina Charalampous, Giorgos Grammatikopoulos, Constantina Kourmentza, Michael Kornaros, Stefanos Dailianis. Effects of Burkholderia thailandensis rhamnolipids on the unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019; 182 ():109413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolina Charalampous; Giorgos Grammatikopoulos; Constantina Kourmentza; Michael Kornaros; Stefanos Dailianis. 2019. "Effects of Burkholderia thailandensis rhamnolipids on the unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 182, no. : 109413.
The present study investigates the treatment of real printing ink wastewater by using the electrocoagulation (EC) process. Effects of initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, electrode materials and current densities were examined to determine the maximum COD and color removal from the wastewater. In parallel, raw and treated printing ink wastewater toxic potential was further estimated via the application of toxicity tests using the freshwater crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus for assessing EC process efficiency. According to the results, it was observed that the EC is efficient under most of the operating conditions used, as COD and color removal ranged between 72.03 to 85.81% and 98.7–100%, respectively. The total cost of the EC process, considering the treatment time, applied current, applied voltage and the total anode electrode mass consumption was also estimated. The Fe electrode proved to be of lower cost than the Al electrode, however the use of Al electrode produced better decolorization results in the solutions. Moreover, toxicity tests currently performed with the use of larvae of the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus revealed a substantial decrease in the toxic potential of printing ink wastewater, thus indicating the efficiency of the proposed EC process.
Konstantinos P. Papadopoulos; Rafailia Argyriou; Christina N. Economou; Nikolina Charalampous; Stefanos Dailianis; Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis; Athanasia Tekerlekopoulou; Dimitris V. Vayenas. Treatment of printing ink wastewater using electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 237, 442 -448.
AMA StyleKonstantinos P. Papadopoulos, Rafailia Argyriou, Christina N. Economou, Nikolina Charalampous, Stefanos Dailianis, Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis, Athanasia Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitris V. Vayenas. Treatment of printing ink wastewater using electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 237 ():442-448.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantinos P. Papadopoulos; Rafailia Argyriou; Christina N. Economou; Nikolina Charalampous; Stefanos Dailianis; Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis; Athanasia Tekerlekopoulou; Dimitris V. Vayenas. 2019. "Treatment of printing ink wastewater using electrocoagulation." Journal of Environmental Management 237, no. : 442-448.
Control strategies and routine biomonitoring programs are commonly performed worldwide using sentinel marine invertebrates, such as mussels of the genus Mytilus, for assessing the “health status” of the aquatic environment. Those species can accumulate and tolerate xenobiotics at levels higher than those being present into the aquatic environment, thus providing accurate and reliable biological endpoints (e.g. physiological, behavioral, cellular, biochemical and molecular indices) that can be measured in their tissues. Taking under consideration the significance of bivalves for assessing the environmental hazard of xenobiotics being present into the water medium, as well as the key role of digestive gland as a target-tissue for the compounds ingested in the organism, the present study aimed to summarize available data on the effects of different categories of xenobiotic compounds, previously characterized as a potential threat for the marine ecosystems. In this context, different types of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), biocides, microplastics (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs), currently investigated in mussels' digestive gland, using a battery of experimental approaches and analytical methods, as well as stress indices evaluation, are briefly described and further discussed in order to elucidate not only the presence and the toxic mode of action of xenobiotics, but also the important role of the digestive gland as a reliable target-tissue for investigating the effects of xenobiotics at cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels.
Caterina Faggio; Vasiliki Tsarpali; Stefanos Dailianis. Mussel digestive gland as a model tissue for assessing xenobiotics: An overview. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 636, 220 -229.
AMA StyleCaterina Faggio, Vasiliki Tsarpali, Stefanos Dailianis. Mussel digestive gland as a model tissue for assessing xenobiotics: An overview. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 636 ():220-229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaterina Faggio; Vasiliki Tsarpali; Stefanos Dailianis. 2018. "Mussel digestive gland as a model tissue for assessing xenobiotics: An overview." Science of The Total Environment 636, no. : 220-229.
Considering the necessity to monitor rainwater quality and the limited existing data regarding wet precipitations' toxic potential, the toxic potential of rainwater (RW) samples collected in three cities of Western Greece (Corfu, Agrinion and Patras) during May, October, November, and December of 2014 were investigated. The relationship of the adverse effects obtained, against cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence (Microtox) assays with the physicochemical characteristics, the heavy metal concentration levels of rainwater samples and the meteorological parameters governing the climatic conditions in each region, were studied in detail. All samples showed pH values in the range of 5.37–7.17, high concentrations of ΝΗ4+ and the presence of SO42− and NO3−. The metals Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Cd, were detected in most of the samples, with maximum concentrations ranging from 0.16 μg L−1 (for Co) to 86.6 μg L−1 (for Fe). The CBMN assay showed statistically significant rainwater cytotoxic activity at 5% (v/v) concentration in all cities during all months studied and at 10% (v/v) in Agrinion and Corfu in May. No genotoxic effect was induced at 5% (v/v) concentration of rainwater, except for Corfu city during November, whereas 10% (v/v) of rainwater led to statistically significant increase in micronuclei frequencies in all three cities. The highest (100%) and the lowest (14%) inhibitory effect exhibited by the rainwater in the Vibrio test were noticed at Corfu city during May and December, respectively. Considering the inter-relations obtained among the abiotic and biotic variables measured in all cases, conductivity, SO42−, NH4+, and total metal burden could be related with both CBMN and Microtox assays data, regardless of the site- and month-specific differences. The multidisciplinary approach presented here showed that the physicochemical profile of rainwater precipitation could be significantly related with the induction of adverse effects on biota.
Dimitris Vlastos; Maria Antonopoulou; Alexia Lavranou; Ioanna Efthimiou; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitra Hela; Dimitra Lambropoulou; Anastasia K. Paschalidou; Pavlos Kassomenos. Assessment of the toxic potential of rainwater precipitation: First evidence from a case study in three Greek cities. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 648, 1323 -1332.
AMA StyleDimitris Vlastos, Maria Antonopoulou, Alexia Lavranou, Ioanna Efthimiou, Stefanos Dailianis, Dimitra Hela, Dimitra Lambropoulou, Anastasia K. Paschalidou, Pavlos Kassomenos. Assessment of the toxic potential of rainwater precipitation: First evidence from a case study in three Greek cities. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 648 ():1323-1332.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitris Vlastos; Maria Antonopoulou; Alexia Lavranou; Ioanna Efthimiou; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitra Hela; Dimitra Lambropoulou; Anastasia K. Paschalidou; Pavlos Kassomenos. 2018. "Assessment of the toxic potential of rainwater precipitation: First evidence from a case study in three Greek cities." Science of The Total Environment 648, no. : 1323-1332.
The current study is based on the increasing demand for the assessment of ionic liquid (IL)-mediated aquatic toxicity. Specifically, although a lot of studies have been performed so far, investigating IL-mediated adverse effects on numerous aquatic organisms, little is known about their mode of action. Given that the use of in vitro models is considered as a reliable tool for determining the mediated biological effects, the modulation of specific biochemical pathways and the onset of various forms of damage with great precision and reproducibility, mixed primary cultures of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes were used for investigating whether 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim][BF4]) mediated toxicity is related to its interaction with cellular membrane proteins. Specifically, [omim][BF4]-mediated cytotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic effects were investigated in mussel hemocytes before and after pre-treatment of cells with non-toxic concentration of guanidine hydrochloride (1 mM GndHCl). The results showed that [omim][BF4] at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 1.75 μM can induce cytotoxic (almost <50% reduction of cell viability), oxidative (increased levels of O2•- production and lipid peroxidation by-products) and genotoxic (increased levels of DNA damage) effects, while cells pre-treated with 1 mM GndHCl showed a significant attenuation of IL’s toxic potency in all cases. According to the latter, the current study showed that [omim][BF4]-mediated toxicity could be related not only to its well-known interaction with membrane lipid bilayers, but also to its interference with membrane proteins. Using GndHCl, a chaotropic agent that disrupts the hydrogen bonding network and the stability of membrane proteins via its interference with the intramolecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces on cellular membranes, it was firstly shown that altering the membrane integrity as well as the native state of cellular membrane proteins, by weakening the hydrophobic effect, could attenuate the possible interaction of [omim][BF4] with cellular membranes and the concomitant induction of protein-based intracellular processes, commonly linked with the induction of severe cellular damage.
Vasiliki Tsarpali; Stefanos Dailianis. [omim][BF4]-mediated toxicity in mussel hemocytes includes its interaction with cellular membrane proteins. Aquatic Toxicology 2018, 203, 88 -94.
AMA StyleVasiliki Tsarpali, Stefanos Dailianis. [omim][BF4]-mediated toxicity in mussel hemocytes includes its interaction with cellular membrane proteins. Aquatic Toxicology. 2018; 203 ():88-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasiliki Tsarpali; Stefanos Dailianis. 2018. "[omim][BF4]-mediated toxicity in mussel hemocytes includes its interaction with cellular membrane proteins." Aquatic Toxicology 203, no. : 88-94.
The present study investigated the effects of two expired commercial medicines, like Buscopan Plus and Mesulid, commonly classified as household medical wastes, on hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussel hemocytes’ lysosomal membrane stability (in terms of neutral red retention assay), superoxide anions (O2·-) and nitric oxides (NO, in terms of nitrites) production, lipid peroxidation (in terms of malondialdehyde/MDA content) and the formation of nuclear abnormalities (using the micronucleus/MN assay) were assessed in hemocytes of mussels treated for 7 days with appropriate amounts of each drug (the concentrations of active substances were considered in each case, due to the absence of data related with the excipients) as well as in hemocytes of post-treated/recovered mussels (7 days post-treatment/recovery period). According to the results, treated mussels showed significantly decreased NRRT values, enhanced O2·-, NO and MDA levels, as well as high frequencies of nuclear abnormalities in both cases. Thοse effects showed a drastic reduction in almost all cases, after the post-treatment/recovery period. Moreover, the “stress on stress” method, commonly performed for estimating mussels’ ability to survive in air, showed significantly reduced LT50 values in challenged mussels, compared to values observed in control mussels. The current findings revealed for the first time that both expired commercial drugs could affect mussels, probably via the formation of active substances bioactivated metabolites, as well as excipients, such as TiO2 and SiO2, at least in case of Buscopan plus. Although further research is needed, the current findings indicate the environmental impact of expired commercial drugs, thus revealing the need for the proper disposal of household medical wastes.
Nektarios Politakis; Alexia Belavgeni; Ioanna Efthimiou; Nikolina Charalampous; Chara Kourkouta; Stefanos Dailianis. The impact of expired commercial drugs on non-target marine species: A case study with the use of a battery of biomarkers in hemocytes of mussels. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2017, 148, 160 -168.
AMA StyleNektarios Politakis, Alexia Belavgeni, Ioanna Efthimiou, Nikolina Charalampous, Chara Kourkouta, Stefanos Dailianis. The impact of expired commercial drugs on non-target marine species: A case study with the use of a battery of biomarkers in hemocytes of mussels. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017; 148 ():160-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNektarios Politakis; Alexia Belavgeni; Ioanna Efthimiou; Nikolina Charalampous; Chara Kourkouta; Stefanos Dailianis. 2017. "The impact of expired commercial drugs on non-target marine species: A case study with the use of a battery of biomarkers in hemocytes of mussels." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 148, no. : 160-168.
The present study investigates the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI3-kinase) and respiratory burst enzymes, NADPH oxidase and NO synthase, in the 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim][BF4])-mediated toxic mode of action in mussel hemocytes. Specifically, cell viability (using the neutral red uptake assay) was primarily tested in hemocytes treated with different concentrations of [omim][BF4] (0.1-10 mg L(-1)) and thereafter [omim][BF4]-mediated oxidative (in terms of superoxide anions/O2(-) and nitric oxide/NO generation, as well as the enhancement of lipid peroxidation by-products, in terms of malondialdehyde/MDA) and genotoxic (in terms of DNA damage) effects were determined in hemocytes treated with 1 mg L(-1) [omim][BF4]. Moreover, in order to investigate, even indirectly and non-entirely specific, the role of PI3-kinase, NADPH oxidase and NO synthase, the [omim][BF4]-mediated effects were also investigated in hemocytes pre-incubated with wortmannin (50 nM), diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI 10 μM) and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME 10 μM), respectively. The results showed that [omim][BF4] ability to enhance O2(-), NO, MDA and DNA damage, via its interaction with cellular membranes, was significantly attenuated in the presence of each inhibitor in almost all cases. The current findings revealed for the first time that certain signaling molecules, such as PI3-kinase, as well as respiratory burst enzymes activation, such as NADPH oxidase and NO synthase, could merely attribute to the [omim][BF4]-mediated mode of action, thus enriching our knowledge for the molecular mechanisms of ILs toxicity.
Alexia Belavgeni; Stefanos Dailianis. The role of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI3-kinase) and respiratory burst enzymes in the [omim][BF4]-mediated toxic mode of action in mussel hemocytes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2017, 68, 144 -153.
AMA StyleAlexia Belavgeni, Stefanos Dailianis. The role of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI3-kinase) and respiratory burst enzymes in the [omim][BF4]-mediated toxic mode of action in mussel hemocytes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2017; 68 ():144-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexia Belavgeni; Stefanos Dailianis. 2017. "The role of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI3-kinase) and respiratory burst enzymes in the [omim][BF4]-mediated toxic mode of action in mussel hemocytes." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 68, no. : 144-153.
The present study investigated [omim][BF4]-mediated adverse effects on biological models widely used in toxicological studies. Specifically, mussels of the genus Mytilus, human lymphocytes and fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster, were exposed to [omim][BF4] at concentrations ranging from micro- to milligrams per liter, with or without the presence of acetone as a carrier solvent and thereafter [omim][BF4]-mediated adverse effects were analyzed appropriately (stress indices, such as lipid peroxidation byproducts, acetylcholinesterase/AChE activity and micronucleus/MN formation frequency, in mussel gills, Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus/CBMN assay and SMART test in human lymphocytes and fruit flies respectively). LC-MS-TOF analysis was also performed for elucidating [omim][BF4] mode of action in the presence of the carrier solvent. The results showed the toxic potential of [omim][BF4], as well as acetone's ability to attenuate [omim][BF4]-mediated toxicity in almost all cases, probably due to the significant effect of acetone on the hydrophilic-lipophilic character and the viscosity of [omim][BF4], as well as its interaction and permeability on the cell membranes. The slight involvement of acetone in the attenuation of [omim][BF4]-mediated genotoxic effects on D. melanogaster could be due to species feeding experimental conditions, thus favoring the induction of antioxidant defense system against the [omim][BF4]-mediated effects in all cases.
Vasiliki Tsarpali; Andreas Goutas; Anna Karyda; Ioanna Efthimiou; Maria Antonopoulou; Elena Drosopoulou; Dimitrios Vlastos; Ioannis Konstantinou; Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou; Stefanos Dailianis. The role of acetone in the [omim][BF4]-mediated adverse effects on tissues of mussels, human lymphocytes and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 333, 339 -347.
AMA StyleVasiliki Tsarpali, Andreas Goutas, Anna Karyda, Ioanna Efthimiou, Maria Antonopoulou, Elena Drosopoulou, Dimitrios Vlastos, Ioannis Konstantinou, Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou, Stefanos Dailianis. The role of acetone in the [omim][BF4]-mediated adverse effects on tissues of mussels, human lymphocytes and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 333 ():339-347.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasiliki Tsarpali; Andreas Goutas; Anna Karyda; Ioanna Efthimiou; Maria Antonopoulou; Elena Drosopoulou; Dimitrios Vlastos; Ioannis Konstantinou; Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou; Stefanos Dailianis. 2017. "The role of acetone in the [omim][BF4]-mediated adverse effects on tissues of mussels, human lymphocytes and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Hazardous Materials 333, no. : 339-347.
Zacharias Frontistis; Maria Antonopoulou; Danae Venieri; Stefanos Dailianis; Ioannis Konstantinou; Dionissios Mantzavinos. Solar photocatalytic decomposition of ethyl paraben in zinc oxide suspensions. Catalysis Today 2017, 280, 139 -148.
AMA StyleZacharias Frontistis, Maria Antonopoulou, Danae Venieri, Stefanos Dailianis, Ioannis Konstantinou, Dionissios Mantzavinos. Solar photocatalytic decomposition of ethyl paraben in zinc oxide suspensions. Catalysis Today. 2017; 280 ():139-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZacharias Frontistis; Maria Antonopoulou; Danae Venieri; Stefanos Dailianis; Ioannis Konstantinou; Dionissios Mantzavinos. 2017. "Solar photocatalytic decomposition of ethyl paraben in zinc oxide suspensions." Catalysis Today 280, no. : 139-148.
The present study evaluates a battery of marine species-based bioassays against chemically characterized municipal wastewater samples (raw and WWTP treated). We estimated Dunaliella tertiolecta growth rate inhibition (24-96h IC values), Artemia franciscana immobilization (24h LC values), mussel hemocytes viability and lipid peroxidation enhancement (in terms of neutral red retention assay/NRRT and malondialdehyde/MDA content, respectively) in influent- and WWTP effluent-treated species. We found algal growth arrest and stimulation respectively, almost similar 24hLC values in Artemia sp., and significantly higher adverse effects (in terms of NRRT and MDA levels) in influent-treated mussel hemocytes. Furthermore, the estimation of hatchability, yolk-sac larvae mortality (24-120hLC) and spinal deformities (SD) in sea bream Sparus aurata showed slight variations over time, with the lowest LC and SD (representing spinal deformities at 50% of yolk-sac larvae) values to be observed in influent-treated larvae at 120h. Data interpretation (both chemical and biological) revealed that toxic endpoints, such as NRRT, 96hICDun, 120hLCSparus and 120hSDSparus, significantly related to WWTP removal efficiency and further mediated by the presence of dominant compounds, such as As and Cr, could be used for identifying main components of toxicity in wastewaters.
Kassiani Harbi; Pavlos Makridis; Christos Koukoumis; Marina Papadionysiou; Theodoros Vgenis; Michael Kornaros; Ioanna Ntaikou; Sinos Giokas; Stefanos Dailianis. Evaluation of a battery of marine species-based bioassays against raw and treated municipal wastewaters. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 321, 537 -546.
AMA StyleKassiani Harbi, Pavlos Makridis, Christos Koukoumis, Marina Papadionysiou, Theodoros Vgenis, Michael Kornaros, Ioanna Ntaikou, Sinos Giokas, Stefanos Dailianis. Evaluation of a battery of marine species-based bioassays against raw and treated municipal wastewaters. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 321 ():537-546.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKassiani Harbi; Pavlos Makridis; Christos Koukoumis; Marina Papadionysiou; Theodoros Vgenis; Michael Kornaros; Ioanna Ntaikou; Sinos Giokas; Stefanos Dailianis. 2017. "Evaluation of a battery of marine species-based bioassays against raw and treated municipal wastewaters." Journal of Hazardous Materials 321, no. : 537-546.
Lakes, representing major freshwater resources, play a crucial role for both humans and ecosystems. Based on the increasing international interest in the contamination of water resources by genotoxic compounds, the present study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of surface water samples collected from the five (5) lakes (Amvrakia, Lysimachia, Ozeros, Trichonida, Kastraki) located in Aitoloakarnania regional unit (Western Greece). The genotoxic potential of surface water samples was evaluated by employing the Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus (CBMN) assay in cultured human lymphocytes. In the former assay, lymphocytes were treated with 1, 2 and 5% (v/v) of surface water from each lake. Statistically significant differences (1.7 to 3.3 fold increase in MN frequencies vs. the control) were seen at the dose of 5% (v/v) in all studied lakes. At the dose of 2% (v/v) statistically significant differences (1.7 to 2.6 fold increase in MN frequencies vs. the control) were observed in all studied lakes except Trichonida lake. Finally, at the dose of 1% (v/v) statistically significant differences (2.3 and 2.5 fold increase in MN frequencies vs. the control) were observed in the Ozeros and Lysimachia lakes. The evaluation of the potential genotoxic effects and the analysis of the physicochemical parameters of lakes' surface water samples is a first step in our effort to evaluate the water quality, in terms of the presence and environmental/human risk of genotoxicants in the studied lake ecosystems. The present study showed for the first time the presence of genotoxic substances in surface waters of the studied lakes.
Dimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis; Aggeliki Kindou; Maria Antonopoulou; Areti Gianni; Ierotheos Zacharias. Assessing the environmental/human risk of potential genotoxicants in water samples from lacustrine ecosystems: The case of lakes in Western Greece. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 574, 246 -252.
AMA StyleDimitris Vlastos, Stefanos Dailianis, Aggeliki Kindou, Maria Antonopoulou, Areti Gianni, Ierotheos Zacharias. Assessing the environmental/human risk of potential genotoxicants in water samples from lacustrine ecosystems: The case of lakes in Western Greece. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 574 ():246-252.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis; Aggeliki Kindou; Maria Antonopoulou; Areti Gianni; Ierotheos Zacharias. 2017. "Assessing the environmental/human risk of potential genotoxicants in water samples from lacustrine ecosystems: The case of lakes in Western Greece." Science of The Total Environment 574, no. : 246-252.
The present study investigates the toxic behavior of diclofenac (DCF) before and after its ultrasound (US) treatment, as well as the involvement of intracellular target molecules, such as NADPH oxidase and NO synthase, in the DCF-induced adverse effects on hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In this context, appropriate volumes (350 and 500mL) of DCF solutions (at concentrations of 2, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL(-1)) were treated under different ultrasound operating conditions (frequency at 582 and 862kHz, electric power density at 133 and 167W) for assessing US method efficiency. In parallel, DCF and US DCF-mediated cytotoxic (in terms of cell viability measured with the use of neutral red uptake/NRU method), oxidative (in terms of superoxide anions/(.)O2(-), nitric oxides such as NO2(-) and lipid peroxidation products, such as malondialdehyde/MDA content) and genotoxic (DNA damage measured by the use of Comet assay method) effects were investigated in hemocytes exposed for 1h to 5, 10 and 100ngL(-1) and 1, 10 and 20μgL(-1) of DCF. The involvement of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase to the DCF-induced toxicity was further investigated by the use of 10μΜ L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor and 10μΜ DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. According to the results, 350mL of 2mgL(-1) DCF showed higher degradation (>50%) under 167W electric power density and frequency at 862kHz for 120min, compared to degradation in all other cases, followed by a significant elimination of its toxicity. Specifically, US DCF-treated hemocytes showed a significant attenuation of DCF-mediated cytotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic effects, which appeared to be caused by NADPH oxidase and NO synthase activation, since their inhibition was followed by a significant elimination of (.)O2(-) and NO2(-) generation and the concomitant oxidative damage within cells. The results of the present study showed for the first time that unspecific mode of action of DCF, associated with the induction of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase in mussel hemocytes, could be significantly diminished after partial US degradation of DCF, at least under optimized operating conditions currently tested.
Eirini Toufexi; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitris Vlastos; Ioannis D. Manariotis. Mediated effect of ultrasound treated Diclofenac on mussel hemocytes: First evidence for the involvement of respiratory burst enzymes in the induction of DCF-mediated unspecific mode of action. Aquatic Toxicology 2016, 175, 144 -153.
AMA StyleEirini Toufexi, Stefanos Dailianis, Dimitris Vlastos, Ioannis D. Manariotis. Mediated effect of ultrasound treated Diclofenac on mussel hemocytes: First evidence for the involvement of respiratory burst enzymes in the induction of DCF-mediated unspecific mode of action. Aquatic Toxicology. 2016; 175 ():144-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEirini Toufexi; Stefanos Dailianis; Dimitris Vlastos; Ioannis D. Manariotis. 2016. "Mediated effect of ultrasound treated Diclofenac on mussel hemocytes: First evidence for the involvement of respiratory burst enzymes in the induction of DCF-mediated unspecific mode of action." Aquatic Toxicology 175, no. : 144-153.
This study investigated the cytotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic effects of two commonly used imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), [bmim][BF4] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [omim][BF4] (1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, as well as whether acetone could mediate their toxic profile. In this context, mussels were firstly exposed to different concentrations of [bmim][BF4] or [omim][BF4], with or without the presence of acetone (at a final concentration of 0.06% v/v), for a period of 96h, in order to determine the concentration that causes 50% mussel mortality (LC50 values) in each case. Thereafter, mussels were exposed to sub- and non-lethal concentrations of ILs for investigating their ability to cause lysosomal membrane impairment (with the use of neutral red retention assay/NRRT), superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation byproduct (malondialdehyde/MDA) formation, as well as DNA damage and formation of nuclear abnormalities in hemocytes. The results showed that [omim][BF4] was more toxic than [bmim][BF4] in all cases, while the presence of acetone resulted in a slight attenuation of its toxicity. The different toxic behavior of ILs was further revealed by the significantly lower levels of NRRT values observed in [omim][BF4]-treated mussels, compared to those occurring in [bmim][BF4] in all cases. Similarly, [bmim][BF4]-mediated oxidative and genotoxic effects were observed only in the highest concentration tested (10mgL(-1)), while [omim][BF4]-mediated effects were enhanced at lower concentrations (0.01-0.05mgL(-1)). Overall, the present study showed that [bmim][BF4] and [omim][BF4] could induce not only lethal but also nonlethal effects on mussel M. galloprovincialis. The extent of [bmim][BF4] and/or [omim][BF4]-mediated effects could be ascribed to the length of each IL alkyl chain, as well as to their lipophilicity. Moreover, the role of acetone on the obtained toxic effects of the specific ILs was reported for the first time, giving evidence for its interaction with the ILs and the modulation of their toxicity.
Vasiliki Tsarpali; Alexia Belavgeni; Stefanos Dailianis. Investigation of toxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids, [bmim][BF4] and [omim][BF4], on marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis with or without the presence of conventional solvents, such as acetone. Aquatic Toxicology 2015, 164, 72 -80.
AMA StyleVasiliki Tsarpali, Alexia Belavgeni, Stefanos Dailianis. Investigation of toxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids, [bmim][BF4] and [omim][BF4], on marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis with or without the presence of conventional solvents, such as acetone. Aquatic Toxicology. 2015; 164 ():72-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasiliki Tsarpali; Alexia Belavgeni; Stefanos Dailianis. 2015. "Investigation of toxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids, [bmim][BF4] and [omim][BF4], on marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis with or without the presence of conventional solvents, such as acetone." Aquatic Toxicology 164, no. : 72-80.
The effects of olive mill wastewater (OMW) on a battery of biological assays, before and during the ozonation process, were investigated in order to assess ozone's efficiency in removing phenolic compounds from OMW and decreasing the concomitant OMW toxicity. Specifically, ozonated-OMW held for 0, 60, 120, 300, 420, 540min in a glass bubble reactor, showed a drastic reduction of OMW total phenols (almost 50%) after 300min of ozonation with a concomitant decrease of OMW toxicity. In particular, the acute toxicity test primarily performed in the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus (Thamnotoxkit F™ screening toxicity test) showed a significant attenuation of OMW-induced toxic effects, after ozonation for a period of 120 and in a lesser extent 300min, while further treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of ozonated-OMW toxic effects. Furthermore, ozonated-OMW-treated mussel hemocytes showed a significant attenuation of the ability of OMW to cause cytotoxic (obtained by the use of NRRT assay) effects already after an ozonation period of 120 and to a lesser extent 300min. In accordance with the latter, OMW-mediated oxidative (enhanced levels of superoxide anions and lipid peroxidation by-products) and genotoxic (induction of DNA damage) effects were diminished after OMW ozonation for the aforementioned periods of time. The latter was also revealed by the use of cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocytes exposed to different concentrations of both raw- and ozonated-OMW for 60, 120 and 300min. Those findings revealed for a first time the existence of a critical time point during the OMW ozonation process that could be fundamentally used for evaluating OMW ozonation as a pretreatment method of OMW.
Sofia Siorou; Theodoros T. Vgenis; Margarita A. Dareioti; Maria-Sophia Vidali; Ioanna Efthimiou; Michael Kornaros; Dimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis. Investigation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) ozonation efficiency with the use of a battery of selected ecotoxicity and human toxicity assays. Aquatic Toxicology 2015, 164, 135 -144.
AMA StyleSofia Siorou, Theodoros T. Vgenis, Margarita A. Dareioti, Maria-Sophia Vidali, Ioanna Efthimiou, Michael Kornaros, Dimitris Vlastos, Stefanos Dailianis. Investigation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) ozonation efficiency with the use of a battery of selected ecotoxicity and human toxicity assays. Aquatic Toxicology. 2015; 164 ():135-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofia Siorou; Theodoros T. Vgenis; Margarita A. Dareioti; Maria-Sophia Vidali; Ioanna Efthimiou; Michael Kornaros; Dimitris Vlastos; Stefanos Dailianis. 2015. "Investigation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) ozonation efficiency with the use of a battery of selected ecotoxicity and human toxicity assays." Aquatic Toxicology 164, no. : 135-144.