Near-surface energy budget closure has been a trending topic in land surface processes research, especially on the underlying surfaces of heterogeneous wetlands. In this investigation, the horizontal thermal advection caused by thermal inhomogeneity over the alpine wetland is calculated based on the eddy covariance data observed at the Flower Lake observation field and WRF modelling data over the Zoige alpine wetland, China. The contribution of horizontal thermal advection to the near-surface energy closure is analysed. The results show that the mean horizontal heat advection of the Zoige wetland is 20.2 W·m⁻², and the maximum value reached 55.0 W·m⁻² in the summer of 2017. After introducing thermal advection into the near-surface energy balance equation, the near-surface energy closure ratio increased from 72.3% to 81.0%.

The characteristics of local surface wind are closely related to the assessment of wind power resources and the oscillation period of offshore wind turbines. In this research, we analyzed near-surface wind observation data from the southern coast of Sri Lanka, comparing the surface wind variation characteristics across different seasons. Through spectral analysis, we discuss the wind stability and oscillation period, aiming to provide information for the management strategies and oscillation issues of offshore wind turbines in the North Equatorial Indian Ocean to ensure their stable operation. Our findings showed that the Indian summer monsoon dominated the seasonal surface wind variation in the southern coast of Sri Lanka. The local monsoon period began in mid-May and ended in mid-October, during which stable southwest winds prevailed with an average maximum 10 m wind speed exceeding 6.0 m/s. In contrast, surface wind was unstable and weaker during autumn and winter. The surface wind speed exhibited a clear diurnal oscillation throughout the year. The wind speed power spectral density exhibited clear peaks at periods of 24 h, 12 h, and 6 h.

The abyssal ocean serves as a significant heat reservoir in the Earth system, essential for regulating global energy and carbon balance. Previous studies indicate that climate modes primarily affect thermohaline conditions above 1,000 m, but their direct influence on the abyssal ocean remains uncertain. We utilized observations and reanalysis data to identify an inherent correlation between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and potential temperature at depths of 2,000–4,500 dbar in the Eastern Philippine Sea. During its positive (negative) phases, PDO induces warm (cold) anomalies in abyssal water, exhibiting a distinct first baroclinic mode throughout the water column. The heaving process (the vertically adiabatic migration of isopycnals), primarily driven by the divergence of abyssal circulation linked to PDO, emerges as the dominant mechanism influencing the deep‐water potential temperature variability. This study reveals that climate modes can rapidly modulate abyssal variability below the depth of 2,000 m.

Air–sea exchanges play a crucial role in intense weather events over Sri Lanka, particularly by providing the heat and moisture that fuel heavy rainfall. We present a year-round dataset of meteorological observations from the southern shoreline of Sri Lanka in the equatorial Indian Ocean for 2017, aiming to investigate its seasonal characteristics and evaluate the performance of reanalysis data in this region. The observations reveal distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns. During the winter and spring, higher shortwave (646.2 W/m²) and longwave radiation (−86.9 W/m²) are coupled with higher temperatures (30.6 °C) and lower humidity (67.4% at noon). In contrast, the Indian summer monsoon period features reduced shortwave (579.8 W/m²) and longwave radiation (−58.6 W/m²), lower temperatures (29.2 °C), higher humidity (over 79.7%), and stronger winds (6.25 m/s). The observations were compared with the ERA5 reanalysis dataset to evaluate the regional performance. The reanalysis data correlated well with the observed data for the radiation, temperature, and sensible heat flux, although notable deviations occurred in terms of the wind speed and latent heat flux. During the impact of Tropical Cyclone Ockhi, the reanalysis data tended to underestimate both the wind speed and precipitation. This dataset will provide vital support for studies on monsoons and coastal atmospheric convection, as well as for model initialization and synergistic applications.