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Prof. Beatriz Tovar
Departamento de Análisis Económico Aplicado (DAEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

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0 Energy Economics
0 Environmental Economics
0 Transport Economics
0 Welfare Economics
0 Regulation and industrial policy

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Journal article
Published: 14 August 2021 in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
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Port activity brings economic benefits to port cities but also generates negative environmental externalities. These negative externalities derived from pollutants represent a social cost for port cities and coastal areas close to ports, and include costs derived from damages to urban buildings, damage to vegetation and damage to the health of the local population. This raises the question of whether ports may have scope to reduce external costs and thereby improve air quality in port cities and/or increase their existing level of service. To address this, we estimate the environmental efficiency of 37 Spanish ports observed in 2016 for which data on inputs, outputs and local external environmental costs are available. Using Data Envelopment Analysis, we estimate a hybrid model with non-separable good and bad outputs. Undesirable output is measured for the first time by local external costs of air pollution instead of tons of pollutants released, which better reflects the differential damages caused by the individual pollutants. Two definitions of undesirable outputs are used: total local external costs and local external costs per capita. In both versions of the model, we find evidence of high levels of environmental inefficiency in Spanish ports, with over half of the ports found to be inefficient. We rank efficient ports using a super-efficiency version of the model with external costs per capita and identify ports which appear to be references for best practice.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. The external costs of port activity for port cities: An environmental efficiency analysis of Spanish ports. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Alan Wall. The external costs of port activity for port cities: An environmental efficiency analysis of Spanish ports. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. 2021. "The external costs of port activity for port cities: An environmental efficiency analysis of Spanish ports." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation , no. : 1-13.

Correction
Published: 03 June 2021 in Operational Research
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ACS Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. Correction to: Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach. Operational Research 2021, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Víctor Chang, Beatriz Tovar. Correction to: Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach. Operational Research. 2021; ():1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. 2021. "Correction to: Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach." Operational Research , no. : 1-3.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Tourism Management Perspectives
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Cruise ship passenger spending patterns are analyzed for the archipelago of the Canary Islands, as such patterns represent a key element in the evaluation of the economic impact of cruise ships on residents and local stakeholders. Over six cruise seasons, data regarding cruise passenger expenditures were collected via survey responses at each stopover. Since the five categories of expenditure analyzed are censored and possibly correlated, we have estimated a multivariate tobit system. This approach offers more efficient estimates of the determinants of cruise passengers' onshore spending, which can be useful in designing economic policies. Our results show that gender, age and socioeconomic status affect cruise passenger spending patterns significantly and, more importantly, in different ways depending on the expenditure category. Therefore, it seems that more personalized marketing strategies (i.e., gender/age/nationality-oriented) classified by expenditure category should be more efficient and, therefore, implemented to achieve greater local economic impact.

ACS Style

J.F. Baños; B. Tovar. Estimating cruise passenger's expenditure: A censored system approach. Tourism Management Perspectives 2021, 38, 100808 .

AMA Style

J.F. Baños, B. Tovar. Estimating cruise passenger's expenditure: A censored system approach. Tourism Management Perspectives. 2021; 38 ():100808.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.F. Baños; B. Tovar. 2021. "Estimating cruise passenger's expenditure: A censored system approach." Tourism Management Perspectives 38, no. : 100808.

Original paper
Published: 28 February 2021 in Operational Research
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We measure technical efficiency of Peruvian and Chilean port terminals, to evaluate the influence of certain contextual variables in the terminals’ efficiency levels. The sample includes 14 port terminals from 2004 to 2014. Due to the potential differences, we have estimated a DEA model in a non-convex metafrontier framework. Afterwards, we estimated all the regression models proposed in the literature that could be used to explain not only the technical efficiency estimated with respect to the metafrontier (TE*) but also each one of its components: the technical efficiency with respect to the group-specific frontier (TEk) and the technological gap ratio (TGR). Results are robust across models.

ACS Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach. Operational Research 2021, 1 -35.

AMA Style

Víctor Chang, Beatriz Tovar. Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach. Operational Research. 2021; ():1-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. 2021. "Efficiency drivers for the South Pacific West coast port terminals: a two-stage non-convex metafrontier dea approach." Operational Research , no. : 1-35.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Research in Transportation Business & Management
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This paper analyses the perceptions and attitudes of the residents of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria with respect to cruise tourism in Gran Canaria (Spain). We collected information on residents' perceptions and attitudes towards cruise tourism through a survey and we applied a Principal Component Analysis to obtain the explanatory variables (factors) in order to estimate a logit model to explain those perceptions and attitudes. The results show that residents' perceptions of cruise tourism have a positive effect from a socio-economic point of view. Regarding environmental effect, residents' perceptions are negative in terms of air pollution, marine pollution and accumulation of dirt, as might be expected. Finally, residents' perceptions of public policies that limit the development of cruise tourism are negative. This result seems to indicate that there is no need to limit the arrivals of cruise ships or to impose a touristic tax in Gran Canaria. Policy implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are provided, including the need to study possible changes in perceptions due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 that occurred after the completion of this work.

ACS Style

B. Tovar; R. Espino; F. López-Del-Pino. Residents' perceptions and attitudes towards the cruise tourism impact in gran Canaria. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2020, 100586 .

AMA Style

B. Tovar, R. Espino, F. López-Del-Pino. Residents' perceptions and attitudes towards the cruise tourism impact in gran Canaria. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2020; ():100586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Tovar; R. Espino; F. López-Del-Pino. 2020. "Residents' perceptions and attitudes towards the cruise tourism impact in gran Canaria." Research in Transportation Business & Management , no. : 100586.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This paper provides insights into the potential of cold-ironing for the reduction of externalities. External cost derived from the emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, and PM from berthed ships in the Spanish port system during 2016 are estimated providing a Spain-wide empirical evidence into where the highest externalities exist and where, on a port by port level, the introduction of cold ironing could yield the highest potential on reducing said externalities. The combined overall external costs from both local and global effects of shipping emissions from berthed vessels were between 326 and 440 million Euro. Eco-efficiency parameters are also obtained. It is found that the population in the port city as well as the composition of traffic are key factors when the external costs are determined, and they should be considered when the investment decision about where cold ironing should be placed is taken.

ACS Style

Thomas Spengler; Beatriz Tovar. Potential of cold-ironing for the reduction of externalities from in-port shipping emissions: The state-owned Spanish port system case. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 279, 111807 .

AMA Style

Thomas Spengler, Beatriz Tovar. Potential of cold-ironing for the reduction of externalities from in-port shipping emissions: The state-owned Spanish port system case. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 279 ():111807.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Spengler; Beatriz Tovar. 2020. "Potential of cold-ironing for the reduction of externalities from in-port shipping emissions: The state-owned Spanish port system case." Journal of Environmental Management 279, no. : 111807.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
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This study analyses the determinants of the technical efficiency performance for Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) power utilities in the period 1998-2009, excluding South Africa’s Eskom. The study formulated an explicit model for technical inefficiency by considering the vertical structure of the utilities and the definition of the product, considering the specific characteristics of this sample. It was found that the most significant improvement in the average efficiency of the sample occurred from 2000 to 2002, coinciding with the first SAPP Energy Plan of 2001. Density in consumption, control of corruption and load factor also contributed to the different levels of efficiency. The results provided a new empirical evidence that can be useful for the design of energy policy and incentive regulation.

ACS Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; B. Tovar. Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 2020, 31, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, B. Tovar. Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa. 2020; 31 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; B. Tovar. 2020. "Revisiting electric utilities’ efficiency in the Southern African Power Pool, 1998–2009." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Shipping has well-documented environmental impacts, among which are greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change and global warming. Measurement of the possibility of ports to reduce emissions by operating more efficiently provides important information for policymakers. In this study we estimate environmental efficiency for a cross section of 28 Spanish Port Authorities observed in 2016 using an output-oriented directional distance frontier with a ‘bad output’, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We use the non-parametric mathematical programming technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the frontier. Our novel dataset includes information on CO2 emissions obtained for these Spanish Port Authorities using the fleet activity–based emission estimation (bottom-up) methodology. Using ships berthing as output, if all port authorities had been environmentally efficient in providing their services, CO2 emission could have been reduced to an average of 63% of their actual observed levels with a simultaneous increase in good output. When using cargo and passenger traffic as output in order to control for ship characteristics through the output mix, we find that reductions of emissions to 82% of observed levels could be achieved with simultaneous increases in outputs, and reductions to 72 of existing levels if good outputs remain constant.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. Environmental efficiency for a cross-section of Spanish port authorities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 75, 170 -178.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Alan Wall. Environmental efficiency for a cross-section of Spanish port authorities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 75 ():170-178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. 2019. "Environmental efficiency for a cross-section of Spanish port authorities." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 75, no. : 170-178.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Transport Policy
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ACS Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar; Daria Gritsenko; Lasse Johansson; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen. Air emissions from ships in port: Does regulation make a difference? Transport Policy 2019, 75, 128 -140.

AMA Style

Miluše Tichavska, Beatriz Tovar, Daria Gritsenko, Lasse Johansson, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen. Air emissions from ships in port: Does regulation make a difference? Transport Policy. 2019; 75 ():128-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar; Daria Gritsenko; Lasse Johansson; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen. 2019. "Air emissions from ships in port: Does regulation make a difference?" Transport Policy 75, no. : 128-140.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Emissions related to economic activities including shipping and its contribution to the degradation of air quality, health and built environment in port-cities increasingly raise attention. Sustained market growth and shipping, also deriving into pollution concentration and an exposure increase over residents and visitors, stresses the need to identify and internalize environmental impacts. In order enhance abatement actions towards shipping sectors, this paper estimates for the first time the environmental cost and eco-efficiency performance indicators from vessel traffic in general and passenger sub-sectors in particular under diverse geographical and regulatory contexts. Emission assessment (NOx, SOx, PM2.5, CO and CO2) of EU (Las Palmas), non-EU but SECA (St. Petersburg) and non-EU non-SECA (Hong Kong) ports is based on the full bottom-up Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) and messages transmitted by the Automatic Identification System (AIS) over a twelve-month period. Environmental cost is obtained from a top-down approach and the latest seaport-related cost figures. At last, eco-efficiency performance indicators are presented as the ratio of product/service impacts (externality costs) its added value (port profiles). Results present a first approximation to the externality cost of shipping traffic by sea and in port. Conclusions support international and regional policy design within the selected harbours and ports under similar traffic conditions.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Miluše Tichavska. Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions under diverse SOx regulatory frameworks: A special focus on passenger port hubs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 69, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Miluše Tichavska. Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions under diverse SOx regulatory frameworks: A special focus on passenger port hubs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 69 ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Miluše Tichavska. 2019. "Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions under diverse SOx regulatory frameworks: A special focus on passenger port hubs." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 69, no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2019 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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Several Spanish ports have grown substantially in recent decades. Ports in Spain are heterogeneous in that they differ substantially in terms of complexity, size and traffic mix. We measure the productivity of Spanish port authorities and identify the drivers of productivity taking into account this heterogeneity in order to provide more meaningful estimates of efficiency and productivity change. Using a sample of 26 ports observed over the period 1993–2016, we classify these ports into two different groups according to their overall size and their importance in terms of individual outputs. Segregating the sample into these two distinct groups permits us to draw a more precise picture of the consequences for productivity of the changes that have occurred in the sector in Spain over the last quarter of a century. Using Data Envelopment Analysis techniques, we calculate and decompose Malmquist productivity indexes using a metafrontier analysis. We use these indexes to estimate an Arellano-Bond Generalised Method Moments model to explain the differences in productivity change. Our results show that the group of large and complex port authorities had a considerable technological advantage, being closer to the metafrontier on average than the other group. Relative size, which can be interpreted as a measure of complexity of the port authority, has a strong positive influence on productivity growth. Specialisation in solids, container cargo and general bulk also increased productivity growth, but specialisation in liquids has no effect.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. Are larger and more complex port more productive? An analysis of Spanish port authorities. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2019, 121, 265 -276.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Alan Wall. Are larger and more complex port more productive? An analysis of Spanish port authorities. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2019; 121 ():265-276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. 2019. "Are larger and more complex port more productive? An analysis of Spanish port authorities." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 121, no. : 265-276.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in Fisheries Research
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A fishing policy oriented to influencing the behavior of recreational fishermen requires, as a first step, an analysis of the variables affecting their fishing habits in order to establish actions aimed at reducing the impact of this extractive activity. The main objective of this study is to increase existing knowledge concerning recreational fishing by analyzing the key factors that are behind the choice of a fishing modality by each fisherman. This involves investigating the reasons which induce them to switch between different fishing modalities: shore fishing, boat fishing or spearfishing. Data were collected to obtain information about socio-economic aspects, target species and captures of recreational fishermen in the Canary Islands. Information was obtained through face-to-face interviews carried out between April and November 2010. Multinomial models were fitted to identify which variables could determine the choice of a fishing modality. Our model predicts that any policy that increases the cost of the fishing journey would negatively affect the probability that an angler chooses fishing from a boat or spearfishing, but it has almost no effect on the probability of fishing from the shore. However, increasing the price of fishing licenses per se did not affect the behavior of recreational fishermen. The results could have several policy and management implications. Beyond this economic measure, education is drawn as a very useful tool for influencing the behavior of fishermen.

ACS Style

D. Jiménez-Alvarado; B. Tovar; J.F. Baños; J.J. Castro. How to fish? Key factors influencing the probability of choosing a recreational fishing modality. Fisheries Research 2018, 212, 87 -96.

AMA Style

D. Jiménez-Alvarado, B. Tovar, J.F. Baños, J.J. Castro. How to fish? Key factors influencing the probability of choosing a recreational fishing modality. Fisheries Research. 2018; 212 ():87-96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Jiménez-Alvarado; B. Tovar; J.F. Baños; J.J. Castro. 2018. "How to fish? Key factors influencing the probability of choosing a recreational fishing modality." Fisheries Research 212, no. : 87-96.

Research article
Published: 11 December 2018 in Tourism Economics
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This study analyzes the expenditure patterns of cruise ship passengers during stopovers in the Canary Islands, which is a key variable for evaluating the economic impact of this type of tourism from the point of view of local key stakeholders and residents. Information on cruisers’ expenditure was collected in each port of call by survey responses for six cruise seasons, during the period 2001–2015. Through a latent class model in a framework of censured regression, three distinct groups of passengers were identified. This approach fills a gap in the empirical tourism literature in order to achieve more accurate results to deal with cruise travelers’ heterogeneity. Moreover, the identification of these homogeneous groups is important so as to better design policies that allow for higher tourism economic impact onshore. Our findings suggest that it would be ideal to attract more class 1 cruise passengers.

ACS Style

José Francisco Baños Pino; Beatriz Tovar. Explaining cruisers’ shore expenditure through a latent class tobit model: Evidence from the Canary Islands. Tourism Economics 2018, 25, 1105 -1133.

AMA Style

José Francisco Baños Pino, Beatriz Tovar. Explaining cruisers’ shore expenditure through a latent class tobit model: Evidence from the Canary Islands. Tourism Economics. 2018; 25 (7):1105-1133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Francisco Baños Pino; Beatriz Tovar. 2018. "Explaining cruisers’ shore expenditure through a latent class tobit model: Evidence from the Canary Islands." Tourism Economics 25, no. 7: 1105-1133.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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ACS Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. Metafrontier analysis on productivity for West Coast of South Pacific terminals. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2017, 103, 118 -134.

AMA Style

Víctor Chang, Beatriz Tovar. Metafrontier analysis on productivity for West Coast of South Pacific terminals. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2017; 103 ():118-134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Chang; Beatriz Tovar. 2017. "Metafrontier analysis on productivity for West Coast of South Pacific terminals." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 103, no. : 118-134.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Transportation Science
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This paper analyzes dynamic efficiency in ports. Using parametric techniques we estimate a stochastic cost frontier to measure overall long-run cost efficiency and an input-oriented directional distance to measure dynamic technical efficiency for a set of 26 Spanish port authorities observed over the period 1993–2012. Technical inefficiency is conceived as the ability of ports to simultaneously expand gross investment and contract variable inputs while maintaining output constant. Ports in this framework are assumed to invest with a view to minimizing the present value of future production costs. Our results show that ports could achieve long-run cost savings of over 38%, two-thirds of which could be achieved by reducing input use and the remainder to changing the input-mix used.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. Dynamic Cost Efficiency in Port Infrastructure Using a Directional Distance Function: Accounting for the Adjustment of Quasi-Fixed Inputs Over Time. Transportation Science 2017, 51, 296 -304.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Alan Wall. Dynamic Cost Efficiency in Port Infrastructure Using a Directional Distance Function: Accounting for the Adjustment of Quasi-Fixed Inputs Over Time. Transportation Science. 2017; 51 (1):296-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Alan Wall. 2017. "Dynamic Cost Efficiency in Port Infrastructure Using a Directional Distance Function: Accounting for the Adjustment of Quasi-Fixed Inputs Over Time." Transportation Science 51, no. 1: 296-304.

Review
Published: 31 January 2017 in Transport Reviews
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ACS Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. External costs from vessel emissions at port: a review of the methodological and empirical state of the art. Transport Reviews 2017, 37, 383 -402.

AMA Style

Miluše Tichavska, Beatriz Tovar. External costs from vessel emissions at port: a review of the methodological and empirical state of the art. Transport Reviews. 2017; 37 (3):383-402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. 2017. "External costs from vessel emissions at port: a review of the methodological and empirical state of the art." Transport Reviews 37, no. 3: 383-402.

Conference paper
Published: 17 December 2015 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a Very High Frequency (VHF) radio broadcasting system frequencies (161.975 MHz and 162.025 MHz) that transfers packets of data over the data link (HDLC) [1, 2] and enables AIS-equipment vessels and shore-based stations to send and receive identification information that can be displayed on a computer. It was originally conceived as a navigational aid for ship monitoring and collision avoidance at sea that over time, has evolved into a system with a multitude of additional applications, including experimental systems in academic and research environments.

ACS Style

Miluše Tichavska; Francisco Cabrera; Beatriz Tovar; Víctor Araña. Use of the Automatic Identification System in Academic Research. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 33 -40.

AMA Style

Miluše Tichavska, Francisco Cabrera, Beatriz Tovar, Víctor Araña. Use of the Automatic Identification System in Academic Research. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; ():33-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miluše Tichavska; Francisco Cabrera; Beatriz Tovar; Víctor Araña. 2015. "Use of the Automatic Identification System in Academic Research." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 33-40.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2015 in Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
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This study presents external costs and eco-efficiency parameters associated to exhaust emissions in Las Palmas Port. Emission assessment is based on a vessel emissions inventory obtained from the full bottom-up Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model and messages transmitted by the Automatic Identification System over 2011. External costs are estimated based on a top-down approach. Results are combined with port operations profiles resulting in eco-efficiency performance towards economic and environmental concerns in Las Palmas Port. Results could also support the valuation of instruments to abate emissions in crowded port-cities that as Las Palmas, host a large population of residents and visitors.

ACS Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 2015, 83, 126 -140.

AMA Style

Miluše Tichavska, Beatriz Tovar. Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 2015; 83 ():126-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. 2015. "Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions in Las Palmas Port." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 83, no. : 126-140.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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ACS Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2015, 78, 347 -360.

AMA Style

Miluše Tichavska, Beatriz Tovar. Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2015; 78 ():347-360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miluše Tichavska; Beatriz Tovar. 2015. "Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 78, no. : 347-360.

Original articles
Published: 28 May 2015 in Applied Economics
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This article analyses the current state of the gas distribution industry in Brazil, by identifying the main factors that determine its efficiency. In order to test the performance of the industry, we have calculated the firms’ technical efficiency during the period 2001–2009. We analyse whether some economic and technological factors as consumer density, load factor or regulation, among others, have affected the performance of this industry. We show that companies serving markets with different customer characteristics (diversification) have reached higher levels of efficiency and evolved faster. Moreover, the private ownership and price cap regulation are more efficient in relation to public ownership and cost of service regulation. These findings are important to support the improvement of the regulation of gas distribution in the Brazilian states.

ACS Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil. Applied Economics 2015, 47, 5390 -5406.

AMA Style

Beatriz Tovar, Francisco Javier Ramos-Real, Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil. Applied Economics. 2015; 47 (50):5390-5406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Tovar; Francisco Javier Ramos-Real; Edmar Luiz Fagundes De Almeida. 2015. "Efficiency and performance in gas distribution. Evidence from Brazil." Applied Economics 47, no. 50: 5390-5406.