Ru immobilized Al₂O₃ pellets were synthesized as a catalyst for hydrogen generation in NaBH₄ solutions. Under the Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysis, the hydrogen generation rate from the hydrolysis and methanolysis of NaBH₄ in alkaline solution was explored as a function of NaBH₄ concentration and temperature. Meanwhile, the borate byproducts derived from the NaBH₄ hydrolysis were characterized by XRD and NMR. The results showed that the hydrogen generation rate depended on NaBH₄ concentration for the hydrolysis, but did not for the methanolysis. 10 wt% NaBH₄ hydrolysis containing 1 wt% NaOH catalyzed with 0.5 g Ru/Al₂O₃ could generate hydrogen with a rate of about 65.5 ml min⁻¹ g⁻¹. The productivity and activation energy of hydrogen generation from the NaBH₄ hydrolysis were 93% and 41.8 kJ mol⁻¹, and from the NaBH₄ methanolysis were 97% and 51.0 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The XRD and NMR analyses showed that the species from the hydrolysis byproducts varied with the NaBH₄ concentration could be the borax (Na₂B₄O₇·H₂O) and sodium borate hydrate (NaBO₂·H₂O).

In this investigation, fluidized bed crystallization (FBC) is utilized to treat phosphorus wastewater that is produced by the manufacture of thin film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD). TFT-LCD wastewater contains 500 ± 10 ppm phosphorus. The pH and molar ratio of Fe/P for removing phosphorus was initially examined by performing a jar-test. The parameters of the FBC – effluent pH_e, Fe/P ratio and the upflow velocity (m h⁻¹) – were tested to recover phosphorus from wastewater as ferrous phosphate pellets, characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and silica sand was used as the seed material. The experimental results revealed that the control of effluent pH_e was an essential parameter in maximizing the phosphorous removal (PR%) and crystallization ratio (CR%). At pH_e 5–6, the supersaturation of phosphate precipitation by conditioning the molar ratio of Fe/P to 1.5 and the upflow rate was adjusted within the range of 30.56–68.76 m h⁻¹ in the metastable zone at a cross-section loading of 0.72 kg per P per h per m², leading to a phosphorus removal (PR) of 95% and a crystallization ratio (CR) of 63%. Under optimal hydraulic conditions, the treatment of real wastewater in a FBC process was viable by converting the pollutant into crystals with a high-purity phase of vivianite (Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O).