The true triaxial test can accurately simulate the dynamic and static load superposition environment of deep mining and then reproduce the spatial and temporal evolution process of coal-rock dynamic disasters. This study used a self-developed true triaxial coal-rock dynamic behavior test system to investigate the dynamic failure characteristics and mechanism of coal bursts under different mining-induced stress disturbances. The results show that the perturbation duration of the coal samples under quasi-static load decreases with the increase of the disturbance rate, and the perturbation stress level increases first and then decreases. The coal samples can accumulate higher strain energy and show progressive and dynamic failure. The perturbation duration and stress peak of the coal sample under the cycle load decreased with the increase of the cycle amplitude and frequency, and the coal sample first spalled off on the free surface. The damage then developed internally until the coal burst. The perturbation duration and stress peak of coal samples decrease with the increase of transient stress and the perturbation stress levels. The dynamic failure process of coal samples is straightforward, and the strength of coal burst is violent and is more difficult to predict. The conclusions obtained help to deepen the understanding of the triggering mechanism of coal bursts.