Recent evidence has suggested that synovial inflammation and macrophage polarization were involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Additionally, high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) was often used clinically to treat OA. GRP78, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress chaperone, was suggested to contribute to the hyperplasia of synovial cells in OA. However, it was still unclear whether HMW-HA affected macrophage polarization through GRP78. Therefore, we aimed to identify the effect of HMW-HA in primary synovial cells and macrophage polarization and to investigate the role of GRP78 signaling. We used IL-1β to treat primary synoviocytes to mimic OA, and then treated them with HMW-HA. We also collected conditioned medium (CM) to culture THP-1 macrophages and examine the changes in the phenotype. IL-1β increased the expression of GRP78, NF-κB (p65 phosphorylation), IL-6, and PGE2 in primary synoviocytes, accompanied by an increased macrophage M1/M2 polarization. GRP78 knockdown significantly reversed the expression of IL-1β-induced GRP78-related downstream molecules and macrophage polarization. HMW-HA with GRP78 knockdown had additive effects in an IL-1β culture. Finally, the synovial fluid from OA patients revealed significantly decreased IL-6 and PGE2 levels after the HMW-HA treatment. Our study elucidated a new form of signal transduction for HMW-HA-mediated protection against synovial inflammation and macrophage polarization and highlighted the involvement of the GRP78-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Proteolytic fragments of fibronectin can have catabolic effects on cartilage, menisci, and synovium. Previous studies have reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways might be associated with joint inflammation and joint destruction. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is increasingly being used to treat a range of joint conditions; however, it has yet to be determined whether PRP influences fibronectin fragment (FN-f) procatabolic activity and TLRs. In this study, human primary culture cells were treated with 30 kDa FN-f with/without PRP co-incubation, and then analyzed using real-time PCR to determine gene expression levels in articular chondrocytes, meniscal fibrochondrocytes, and synovial fibroblasts. Protein levels were evaluated by Western immunoblotting. This study observed an increase in the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in articular chondrocytes, meniscal fibrochondrocytes, and synovial fibroblasts following insult with 30 kDa FN-f. Upregulation of these genes was significantly attenuated by PRP treatment. TLR2 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) were also significantly attenuated by cotreatment with 30 kDa FN-f + PRP + TLR2 inhibitor. PRP treatment was shown to attenuate the 30 kDa FN-f-induced MMP-13 expression associated with the decreased expression of TLR2 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. PRP treatment was also shown to attenuate procatabolic activity associated with MMP-13 expression via the TLR2 signaling pathway.

Pelvic and acetabular fractures are challenging for orthopedic surgeons, but 3D printing has many benefits in treating these fractures and has been applied worldwide. This study aimed to determine whether 3D printing can shorten the length of hospital stay (LHS) in nongeriatric male adult patients with these fractures. This is a single-center retrospective study of 167 nongeriatric male adult participants from August 2009 to December 2021. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether they received 3D printing assistance. Subgroup analyses were performed. Pearson’s correlation and multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the LHS and the parameters. Results showed that 3D printing-assisted surgery did not affect LHS in the analyzed patients. The LHS was positively correlated with the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Initial hemoglobin levels were negatively associated with LHS in patients aged 18–40 and non-major trauma (ISS < 16) patients. In 40–60-year-old and non-major trauma patients, the duration from fracture to admission was significantly associated with LHS. This study indicates that 3D-assisted technology for pelvic or acetabular fracture surgery for nongeriatric male adults does not influence the LHS. More importantly, the initial evaluation of patients in the hospital was the main predictor of the LHS.

This study aimed to evaluate the different clinical results and factors associated with cartilage defects in military draftees who underwent different treatments after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Overall, 105 patients who had sustained ACL rupture were military draftees who underwent a conscription examination for physical status assessment from January 2012 to December 2020. Patients were divided into three groups: conservative treatment after ACL rupture, status post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), but graft rupture, and status post-ACLR with graft intact. Inter-group comparisons and statistical analyses were performed for age, body mass index (BMI), thigh circumference difference, side-to-side difference in anterior knee translation by KT-2000, meniscus tear, and cartilage defect. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with cartilage defects. The multivariable regression model showed that BMI (odds ratio OR: 1.303; 95% CI: 1.016–1.672; p = 0.037), thigh circumference difference (OR: 1.403; 95% CI: 1.003–1.084; p = 0.034), tear of lateral meniscus (LM) and medial meniscus (MM) (OR: 13.773; 95% CI: 1.354–140.09; p = 0.027), and graft rupture group (OR: 5.191; 95% CI: 1.388–19.419; p = 0.014) increased the risk of cartilage defects. There was no correlation between cartilage defects and age, KT-2000 difference, tear of LM or MM, or graft intact group. Progression of osteoarthritis was concerned after ACL rupture, and this study identified several factors of post-ACLR graft rupture, greater thigh circumference difference, BMI, and meniscus tear of both LM and MM affecting cartilage defects, which represent early degenerative osteoarthritis changes of the knee. The results of this study should be customized for rehabilitation and military training, especially in military draftees with ACL injuries.

Introduction The direct anterior approach (DAA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) has gained increasing adoption in recent years; however, it has been associated with a higher risk of wound-related complications compared with other surgical approaches. Silver-impregnated occlusive dressings have demonstrated antimicrobial potential, though their role in DAA THA remains underexplored. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a historical control group, reviewing 321 consecutive primary DAA THAs performed by a single surgeon (September 2020–December 2025). Standard sterile gauze was used before August 2021 (n = 76) and a silver-impregnated occlusive dressing (AQUACEL^® Ag SURGICAL; ConvaTec, Deeside, UK) thereafter (n = 245). Despite the chronological difference between cohorts, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics did not differ significantly between groups (Table 1). The primary endpoint was acute surgical site infection(SSI) within 30 days (CDC criteria); all patients had ≥ 3 months follow-up to capture early wound-related reoperations as secondary outcomes. Results Four acute SSI events occurred (1.25%). SSI incidence was 3.94% (3/76) with gauze versus 0.41% (1/245) with the silver-impregnated dressing (Fisher’s exact p = 0.043). This corresponds to an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 3.54% (95% CI, 0.34–10.57) and a number needed to treat (NNT) of 29 (95% CI, 10–293). No deep PJI occurred. Given sparse events, adjusted analyses were considered exploratory; in a penalized (Firth) logistic model, silver dressing remained associated with lower odds of SSI, while higher BMI and diabetes were associated with higher odds. Conclusions In this retrospective historical-control cohort, silver-impregnated occlusive dressing use was associated with a lower 30-day SSI rate after DAA THA. Given the low event rate and potential temporal confounding, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and warrant confirmation in larger studies.